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Document layout analysis involves understanding the arrangement of elements within a document. This paper navigates the complexities of understanding various elements within document images, such as text, images, tables, and headings. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Tahira Shehzadi , Didier Stricker , Muhammad Zeshan Afzal

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have revolutionized information retrieval and question answering, but traditional text-based chunking methods struggle with complex document structures, multi-page tables, embedded figures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Vishesh Tripathi , Tanmay Odapally , Indraneel Das , Uday Allu , Biddwan Ahmed

Structure information is critical for understanding the semantics of text-rich images, such as documents, tables, and charts. Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for Visual Document Understanding are equipped with text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Anwen Hu , Haiyang Xu , Jiabo Ye , Ming Yan , Liang Zhang , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Ji Zhang , Qin Jin , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a critical method for empowering LLMs by leveraging candidate visual documents. However, current methods consider the entire document as the basic retrieval unit, introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yinglu Li , Zhiying Lu , Zhihang Liu , Yiwei Sun , Chuanbin Liu , Hongtao Xie

Visually Rich Documents (VRDs) play a vital role in domains such as academia, finance, healthcare, and marketing, as they convey information through a combination of text, layout, and visual elements. Traditional approaches to extracting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han , Jean Lee , Eduard Hovy

Object detection in documents is a key step to automate the structural elements identification process in a digital or scanned document through understanding the hierarchical structure and relationships between different elements. Large and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Ayan Banerjee , Sanket Biswas , Josep Lladós , Umapada Pal

Structure extraction from document images has been a long-standing research topic due to its high impact on a wide range of practical applications. In this paper, we share our findings on employing a hierarchical semantic segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Mausoom Sarkar , Milan Aggarwal , Arneh Jain , Hiresh Gupta , Balaji Krishnamurthy

High-quality geometric diagram generation presents both a challenge and an opportunity: it demands strict spatial accuracy while offering well-defined constraints to guide generation. Inspired by recent advances in geometry problem solving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Xiaojing Wei , Ting Zhang , Wei He , Jingdong Wang , Hua Huang

Information extraction from handwritten documents involves traditionally three distinct steps: Document Layout Analysis, Handwritten Text Recognition, and Named Entity Recognition. Recent approaches have attempted to integrate these steps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Thomas Constum , Pierrick Tranouez , Thierry Paquet

Engineering drawings are fundamental to manufacturing communication, serving as the primary medium for conveying design intent, tolerances, and production details. However, interpreting complex multi-view drawings with dense annotations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Muhammad Tayyab Khan , Zane Yong , Lequn Chen , Wenhe Feng , Nicholas Yew Jin Tan , Seung Ki Moon

A significant portion of the data available today is found within tables. Therefore, it is necessary to use automated table extraction to obtain thorough results when data-mining. Today's popular state-of-the-art methods for table…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Zach Colter , Morteza Fayazi , Zineb Benameur-El , Serafina Kamp , Shuyan Yu , Ronald Dreslinski

Document Layout analysis (DLA), is the process by which a page is parsed into meaningful elements, often using machine learning models. Typically, the quality of a model is judged using general object detection metrics such as IoU, F1 or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jonathan Bourne , Mwiza Simbeye , Ishtar Govia

Understanding complex multimodal documents remains challenging due to their structural inconsistencies and limited training data availability. We introduce \textit{DocsRay}, a training-free document understanding system that integrates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Hyeon Seong Jeong , Sangwoo Jo , Byeong Hyun Yoon , Yoonseok Heo , Haedong Jeong , Taehoon Kim

The widespread use of charts and infographics as a means of data visualization in various domains has inspired recent research in automated chart understanding. However, information extraction from chart images is a complex multitasked…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Osama Mustafa , Muhammad Khizer Ali , Momina Moetesum , Imran Siddiqi

Document layout analysis (DLA) plays an important role in information extraction and document understanding. At present, document layout analysis has reached a milestone achievement, however, document layout analysis of non-Manhattan is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Tianlong Ma , Xingjiao Wu , Xin Li , Xiangcheng Du , Zhao Zhou , Liang Xue , Cheng Jin

Information extraction (IE) from unstructured documents remains a critical challenge in data processing pipelines. Traditional optical character recognition (OCR) methods and conventional parsing engines demonstrate limited effectiveness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Aditya Parikh

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is an effective technique that enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize external knowledge sources for generation. However, current RAG systems are solely based on text, rendering it impossible to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shi Yu , Chaoyue Tang , Bokai Xu , Junbo Cui , Junhao Ran , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Shuo Wang , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Document understanding is critical for applications from financial analysis to scientific discovery. Current approaches, whether OCR-based pipelines feeding Large Language Models (LLMs) or native Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), face key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sensen Gao , Shanshan Zhao , Xu Jiang , Lunhao Duan , Yong Xien Chng , Qing-Guo Chen , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Jia-Wang Bian , Mingming Gong

Document AI has advanced rapidly and is attracting increasing attention. Yet, while most efforts have focused on document layout analysis (DLA), its generative counterpart, layout generation, remains underexplored. Distinct from traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Hengrui Kang , Zhuangcheng Gu , Zhiyuan Zhao , Zichen Wen , Bin Wang , Weijia Li , Conghui He

Combining large language models with evolutionary computation algorithms represents a promising research direction leveraging the remarkable generative and in-context learning capabilities of LLMs with the strengths of evolutionary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Tobias Preintner , Weixuan Yuan , Adrian König , Thomas Bäck , Elena Raponi , Niki van Stein