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Recent self-rewarding large language models (LLM) have successfully applied LLM-as-a-Judge to iteratively improve the alignment performance without the need of human annotations for preference data. These methods commonly utilize the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhaoyang Wang , Weilei He , Zhiyuan Liang , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Ying Wei , Weitong Zhang , Huaxiu Yao

LLM-based agent judges are an emerging approach to evaluating conversational AI, yet a fundamental uncertainty remains: can we trust their assessments, and if so, how many are needed? Through 960 sessions with two model pairs across 15…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 HyunJoon Jung , William Na

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can automate data-science workflows, but many rigorous statistical methods implemented in R remain underused because LLMs struggle with statistical knowledge and tool retrieval. Existing retrieval-augmented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Maojun Sun , Yue Wu , Yifei Xie , Ruijian Han , Binyan Jiang , Defeng Sun , Yancheng Yuan , Jian Huang

Thinking Large Language Models (LLMs) used as judges for pairwise preferences remain noisy at the single-sample level, and common aggregation rules (majority vote, soft self-consistency, or instruction-based self-aggregation) are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Hamid Dadkhahi , Firas Trabelsi , Parker Riley , Juraj Juraska , Mehdi Mirzazadeh

Treatment non-compliance, where individuals deviate from their assigned experimental conditions, frequently complicates the estimation of causal effects. To address this, we introduce a novel learning framework based on a mixture of experts…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-25 François Grolleau , Céline Béji , Raphaël Porcher , François Petit

This paper targets e-commerce search relevance. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in this field, they often encounter performance bottlenecks in persistent 'corner cases' within complex industrial…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Chen Yifei , Tian Zhixing , Wang Chenyang , Cheng Ziguang

Ensuring the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex reasoning tasks remains a formidable challenge, particularly in scenarios that demand precise mathematical calculations and knowledge-intensive open-domain generation. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ali Razghandi , Seyed Mohammad Hadi Hosseini , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

We introduce CAREF, a parameter-efficient fine-tuning framework that jointly optimizes predictive accuracy and explanation faithfulness via calibration-aware regularization. At its core, CAREF couples entropy-based calibration with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Naphat Nithisopa , Teerapong Panboonyuen

The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

Model merging aggregates Large Language Models (LLMs) finetuned on different tasks into a stronger one. However, parameter conflicts between models leads to performance degradation in averaging. While model routing addresses this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kunfeng Lai , Zhenheng Tang , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Xiang Liu , Haolan Chen , Li Shen , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, rely on singular, pre-dominant reasoning paradigms, hindering their performance on intricate problems that demand diverse cognitive strategies. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zishan Ahmad , Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan

Numerous algorithms have been developed for Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) estimation. In this paper, we first highlight a common issue where many algorithms exhibit inconsistent learning behavior for the same instance across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yi-Fu Fu , Keng-Te Liao , Shou-De Lin

Relevance judgments are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems, but traditional human-annotated labels are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, many researchers turn to automatic alternatives to accelerate method…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

RAG systems enhance LLMs by incorporating external knowledge, which is crucial for domains that demand factual accuracy and up-to-date information. However, evaluating the multifaceted quality of RAG outputs, spanning aspects such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Aashiq Muhamed

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic judges for summarization and dialogue evaluation. Prior work has documented biases such as position, verbosity, and style preferences, but largely focuses on outcomes, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Riya Tapwal , Abhishek Kumar , Carsten Maple

Large language models (LLMs) equipped with retrieval--the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm--should combine their parametric knowledge with external evidence, yet in practice they often hallucinate, over-trust noisy snippets, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hua Ye , Siyuan Chen , Ziqi Zhong , Canran Xiao , Haoliang Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Fei Shen

Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) extends large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but faces key challenges: restricted effective context length and redundancy in retrieved documents. Pure compression-based approaches reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yiqiao Jin , Kartik Sharma , Vineeth Rakesh , Yingtong Dou , Menghai Pan , Mahashweta Das , Srijan Kumar

Large language models (LLMs) have shown substantial progress in natural language understanding and generation, proving valuable especially in the medical field. Despite advancements, challenges persist due to the complexity and diversity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yusheng Liao , Shuyang Jiang , Zhe Chen , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) enable waveform-to-text ECG interpretation and interactive clinical questioning, yet most ECG-LLM systems still rely on weak signal-text alignment and retrieval without explicit physiological or causal…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied as automatic evaluators for natural language generation assessment often using pairwise comparative judgements. Existing approaches typically rely on single judges or aggregate multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Mengjie Qian , Guangzhi Sun , Mark J. F. Gales , Kate M. Knill