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Reinforcement learning is concerned with identifying reward-maximizing behaviour policies in environments that are initially unknown. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning approaches, such as deep Q-networks, are model-free and learn to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Felix Leibfried , Nate Kushman , Katja Hofmann

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) enables learning effective policies from fixed datasets without any environment interaction. Existing methods typically employ policy constraints to mitigate the distribution shift encountered during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Tan Jing , Xiaorui Li , Chao Yao , Xiaojuan Ban , Yuetong Fang , Renjing Xu , Zhaolin Yuan

Reinforcement learning provides a powerful and general framework for decision making and control, but its application in practice is often hindered by the need for extensive feature and reward engineering. Deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Justin Fu , Katie Luo , Sergey Levine

Due to its property of not requiring prior knowledge of the environment, reinforcement learning has significant potential for quantum control problems. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of continuous control policies based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-01 Shumin Zhou , Hailan Ma , Sen Kuang , Daoyi Dong

Task incremental learning aims to enable a system to maintain its performance on previously learned tasks while learning new tasks, solving the problem of catastrophic forgetting. One promising approach is to build an individual network or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jian Jiang , Oya Celiktutan

Exploration is a fundamental aspect of reinforcement learning (RL), and its effectiveness is a deciding factor in the performance of RL algorithms, especially when facing sparse extrinsic rewards. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Shanchuan Wan , Yujin Tang , Yingtao Tian , Tomoyuki Kaneko

Reinforcement learning (RL) systems typically optimize scalar reward functions that assume precise and reliable evaluation of outcomes. However, real-world objectives--especially those derived from human preferences--are often uncertain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Disha Singha

Agentic search enables language models to solve knowledge-intensive tasks by adaptively acquiring external evidence over multiple steps. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely adopted training paradigm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Erhan Zhang , Yiqun Chen , Zechun Niu , Wei Yang , Xiaochi Wei , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Jiaxin Mao

This work provides a thorough study on how reward scaling can affect performance of deep reinforcement learning agents. In particular, we would like to answer the question that how does reward scaling affect non-saturating ReLU networks in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Yueh-Hua Wu , Fan-Yun Sun , Yen-Yu Chang , Shou-De Lin

Query optimization is a crucial component for the efficacy of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. While reinforcement learning (RL)-based agentic and reasoning methods have recently emerged as a promising direction on query…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Wei Wen , Sihang Deng , Tianjun Wei , Keyu Chen , Ruizhi Qiao , Xing Sun

There is a strong link between the general concept of intelligence and the ability to collect and use information. The theory of Bayes-adaptive exploration offers an attractive optimality framework for training machines to perform complex…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-20 Luca Ambrogioni

Scalar reward models compress multi-dimensional human preferences into a single opaque score, creating an information bottleneck that often leads to brittleness and reward hacking in open-ended alignment. We argue that robust alignment for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ruipeng Jia , Yunyi Yang , Yuxin Wu , Yongbo Gai , Siyuan Tao , Mengyu Zhou , Jianhe Lin , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

The objective of a reinforcement learning agent is to discover better actions through exploration. However, typical exploration techniques aim to maximize rewards, often incurring high costs in both exploration and learning processes. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Akane Tsuboya , Yu Kono , Tatsuji Takahashi

Recent advances in reinforcement-learning research have demonstrated impressive results in building algorithms that can out-perform humans in complex tasks. Nevertheless, creating reinforcement-learning systems that can build abstractions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Lucas Lehnert , Michael J. Frank , Michael L. Littman

Efficient exploration is a challenging topic in reinforcement learning, especially for sparse reward tasks. To deal with the reward sparsity, people commonly apply intrinsic rewards to motivate agents to explore the state space efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Yao Fu , Run Peng , Honglak Lee

Intrinsic rewards play a central role in handling the exploration-exploitation trade-off when designing sequential decision-making algorithms, in both foundational theory and state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning. The LinUCB…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Jordan T. Ash , Cyril Zhang , Surbhi Goel , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Sham Kakade

Episodic tasks in Reinforcement Learning (RL) often pose challenges due to sparse reward signals and high-dimensional state spaces, which hinder efficient learning. Additionally, these tasks often feature hidden "trap states" --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yuxuan Li , Yicheng Gao , Ning Yang , Stephen Xia

We propose Re-FORC, an adaptive reward prediction method that, given a context, enables prediction of the expected future rewards as a function of the number of future thinking tokens. Re-FORC trains a lightweight adapter on reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Renos Zabounidis , Aditya Golatkar , Michael Kleinman , Alessandro Achille , Wei Xia , Stefano Soatto

It has been a recent trend to leverage the power of supervised learning (SL) towards more effective reinforcement learning (RL) methods. We propose a novel phasic approach by alternating online RL and offline SL for tackling sparse-reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Yunfei Li , Tian Gao , Jiaqi Yang , Huazhe Xu , Yi Wu

One of the most critical challenges in deep reinforcement learning is to maintain the long-term exploration capability of the agent. To tackle this problem, it has been recently proposed to provide intrinsic rewards for the agent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Mingqi Yuan , Man-on Pun , Dong Wang
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