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This article explores human-horse interactions as a metaphor for understanding and designing effective human-AI partnerships. Drawing on the long history of human collaboration with horses, we propose that AI, like horses, should complement…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mohammad Hossein Jarrahi , Stanley Ahalt

At the heart of improving conversational AI is the open problem of how to evaluate conversations. Issues with automatic metrics are well known (Liu et al., 2016, arXiv:1603.08023), with human evaluations still considered the gold standard.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Eric Michael Smith , Orion Hsu , Rebecca Qian , Stephen Roller , Y-Lan Boureau , Jason Weston

With the rapid advancement of large language models, evaluating human-likeness in open-ended conversation has become increasingly important. However, human-likeness is a form of tacit knowledge that humans perceive intuitively, yet the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yihang Lin , Yunze Gao , Zeyang Lin , Dongbo Li , Kun Peng , Chenglong Song , Yue Liu

Semantic textual similarity (STS) systems are designed to encode and evaluate the semantic similarity between words, phrases, sentences, and documents. One method for assessing the quality or authenticity of semantic information encoded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-04 Kimberly Glasgow , Matthew Roos , Amy Haufler , Mark Chevillet , Michael Wolmetz

Text to speech (TTS) has made rapid progress in both academia and industry in recent years. Some questions naturally arise that whether a TTS system can achieve human-level quality, how to define/judge that quality and how to achieve it. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-11 Xu Tan , Jiawei Chen , Haohe Liu , Jian Cong , Chen Zhang , Yanqing Liu , Xi Wang , Yichong Leng , Yuanhao Yi , Lei He , Frank Soong , Tao Qin , Sheng Zhao , Tie-Yan Liu

The growing number of generative AI-based dialogue systems has made their evaluation a crucial challenge. This paper presents our contribution to this important problem through the Dialogue System Technology Challenge (DSTC-12, Track 1),…

People have long hoped for a conversational system that can assist in real-life situations, and recent progress on large language models (LLMs) is bringing this idea closer to reality. While LLMs are often impressive in performance, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Linkai Peng , Baorian Nuchged , Yingming Gao

Reliable human-machine discrimination is becoming increasingly important as large language models and autonomous agents are deployed in online settings. Existing approaches evaluate whether a system can produce behavior or responses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Milena Rmus , Mathew D. Hardy , Thomas L. Griffiths , Mayank Agrawal

While large language models (LLMs) are generally considered proficient in generating language, how similar their language usage is to that of humans remains understudied. In this paper, we test whether models exhibit linguistic convergence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Terra Blevins , Susanne Schmalwieser , Benjamin Roth

The rise of machine-learning systems that process sensory input has brought with it a rise in comparisons between human and machine perception. But such comparisons face a challenge: Whereas machine perception of some stimulus can often be…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-04 Michael A Lepori , Chaz Firestone

Conversational speech recognition has served as a flagship speech recognition task since the release of the Switchboard corpus in the 1990s. In this paper, we measure the human error rate on the widely used NIST 2000 test set, and find that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-06 W. Xiong , J. Droppo , X. Huang , F. Seide , M. Seltzer , A. Stolcke , D. Yu , G. Zweig

We administer a Turing Test to AI Chatbots. We examine how Chatbots behave in a suite of classic behavioral games that are designed to elicit characteristics such as trust, fairness, risk-aversion, cooperation, \textit{etc.}, as well as how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Qiaozhu Mei , Yutong Xie , Walter Yuan , Matthew O. Jackson

While dialogue remains an important end-goal of natural language research, the difficulty of evaluation is an oft-quoted reason why it remains troublesome to make real progress towards its solution. Evaluation difficulties are actually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Margaret Li , Jason Weston , Stephen Roller

In recent years, automatic speech-to-speech and speech-to-text translation has gained momentum thanks to advances in artificial intelligence, especially in the domains of speech recognition and machine translation. The quality of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Claudio Fantinuoli , Bianca Prandi

Large language models (LLMs) are used as "digital twins" to replace human respondents, yet their psychometric comparability to humans is uncertain. We propose a construct-validity framework spanning construct representation and the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yufei Zhang , Zhihao Ma

State-of-the-art speech synthesis models try to get as close as possible to the human voice. Hence, modelling emotions is an essential part of Text-To-Speech (TTS) research. In our work, we selected FastSpeech2 as the starting point and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-04 Daria Diatlova , Vitaly Shutov

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant attention, primarily for their capabilities in text-based interactions. However, natural human interaction often relies on speech, necessitating a shift towards voice-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wenqian Cui , Dianzhi Yu , Xiaoqi Jiao , Ziqiao Meng , Guangyan Zhang , Qichao Wang , Yiwen Guo , Irwin King

An essential problem in artificial intelligence is whether LLMs can simulate human cognition or merely imitate surface-level behaviors, while existing datasets suffer from either synthetic reasoning traces or population-level aggregation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yuxuan Gu , Lunjun Liu , Xiaocheng Feng , Kun Zhu , Weihong Zhong , Lei Huang , Bing Qin

Auditory attention and selective phase-locking are central to human speech understanding in complex acoustic scenes and cocktail party settings, yet these capabilities in multilingual subjects remain poorly understood. While machine…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Sai Samrat Kankanala , Ram Chandra , Sriram Ganapathy

We present TuringQ, the first benchmark designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in the theory of computation. TuringQ consists of 4,006 undergraduate and graduate-level question-answer pairs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Pardis Sadat Zahraei , Ehsaneddin Asgari