Related papers: Superposition model for energy reconstruction and …

Properties of secondary components in extensive air shower of cosmic rays in knee energy region

The knee of cosmic ray spectra reflects the maximum energy accelerated by galactic cosmic ray sources or the limit to the ability of galaxy to bind cosmic rays. The measuring of individual energy spectra is a crucial tool to ascertain the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-06 Chen Yaling , Feng Zhang , Hu Liu , Fengrong Zhu

Approach for composition measurement of cosmic rays using the muon-to-electron ratio observed by LHAASO-KM2A

Composition measurement of cosmic rays (CRs) around the knee of the CR energy spectrum is crucial for studying the processes of particle acceleration and propagation of Galactic CRs. The Square Kilometer Array (KM2A) of Large High Altitude…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-19 Xishui Tian , Zhuo Li , Quanbu Gou , Hengying Zhang , Huihai He , Cunfeng Feng , Giuseppe Di Sciascio

Cosmic Ray Energy Spectra and Mass Composition at the Knee - Recent Results from KASCADE -

Recent results from the KASCADE experiment on measurements of cosmic rays in the energy range of the knee are presented. Emphasis is placed on energy spectra of individual mass groups as obtained from an two-dimensional unfolding applied to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 K. -H. Kampert

On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays

The knee in the all-particle energy spectrum is scrutinized with a phenomenological model, named poly-gonato model, linking results from direct and indirect measurements. For this purpose, recent results from direct and indirect…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 J. R. Hoerandel

Research on the knee region of cosmic ray by using a novel type of electron-neutron detector array

By accurately measuring composition and energy spectrum of cosmic ray, the origin problem of so called "keen" region (energy > 1 PeV) can be solved. However, up to the present, the results of the spectrum in the knee region obtained by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-08 Bing-Bing Li , Xin-Hua Ma , Shu-Wang Cui , Hao-Kun Chen , Tian-Lu Chen , Danzengluobu , Wei Gao , Hai-Bing Hu , Denis Kuleshov , Kirill Kurinov , Hu Liu , Mao-Yuan Liu , Ye Liu , Da-Yu Peng , Yao-Hui Qi , Oleg Shchegolev , Yuri Stenkin , Li-Qiao Yin , Heng-Yu Zhang , Liang-Wei Zhang

Precise measurements of the cosmic ray proton energy spectrum in the "knee'' region

We report the high-purity identification of cosmic-ray (CR) protons and a precise measurement of their energy spectrum from 0.15 to 12 PeV using the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Abundant event statistics, combined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-29 The LHAASO Collaboration , Zhen Cao , F. Aharonian , Y. X. Bai , Y. W. Bao , D. Bastieri , X. J. Bi , Y. J. Bi , W. Bian , A. V. Bukevich , C. M. Cai , W. Y. Cao , Zhe Cao , J. Chang , J. F. Chang , A. M. Chen , E. S. Chen , G. H. Chen , H. X. Chen , Liang Chen , Long Chen , M. J. Chen , M. L. Chen , Q. H. Chen , S. Chen , S. H. Chen , S. Z. Chen , T. L. Chen , X. B. Chen , X. J. Chen , Y. Chen , N. Cheng , Y. D. Cheng , M. C. Chu , M. Y. Cui , S. W. Cui , X. H. Cui , Y. D. Cui , B. Z. Dai , H. L. Dai , Z. G. Dai , Danzengluobu , Y. X. Diao , X. Q. Dong , K. K. Duan , J. H. Fan , Y. Z. Fan , J. Fang , J. H. Fang , K. Fang , C. F. Feng , H. Feng , L. Feng , S. H. Feng , X. T. Feng , Y. Feng , Y. L. Feng , S. Gabici , B. Gao , C. D. Gao , Q. Gao , W. Gao , W. K. Gao , M. M. Ge , T. T. Ge , L. S. Geng , G. Giacinti , G. H. Gong , Q. B. Gou , M. H. Gu , F. L. Guo , J. Guo , X. L. Guo , Y. Q. Guo , Y. Y. Guo , Y. A. Han , O. A. Hannuksela , M. Hasan , H. H. He , H. N. He , J. Y. He , X. Y. He , Y. He , S. Hernandez-Cadena , B. W. Hou , C. Hou , X. Hou , H. B. Hu , S. C. Hu , C. Huang , D. H. Huang , J. J. Huang , T. Q. Huang , W. J. Huang , X. T. Huang , X. Y. Huang , Y. Huang , Y. Y. Huang , X. L. Ji , H. Y. Jia , K. Jia , H. B. Jiang , K. Jiang , X. W. Jiang , Z. J. Jiang , M. Jin , S. Kaci , M. M. Kang , I. Karpikov , D. Khangulyan , D. Kuleshov , K. Kurinov , B. B. Li , Cheng Li , Cong Li , D. Li , F. Li , H. B. Li , H. C. Li , Jian Li , Jie Li , K. Li , L. Li , R. L. Li , S. D. Li , T. Y. Li , W. L. Li , X. R. Li , Xin Li , Y. Li , Y. Z. Li , Zhe Li , Zhuo Li , E. W. Liang , Y. F. Liang , S. J. Lin , P. Lipari , B. Liu , C. Liu , D. Liu , D. B. Liu , H. Liu , H. D. Liu , J. Liu , J. L. Liu , J. R. Liu , M. Y. Liu , R. Y. Liu , S. M. Liu , W. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. N. Liu , Y. Q. Lou , Q. Luo , Y. Luo , H. K. Lv , B. Q. Ma , L. L. Ma , X. H. Ma , J. R. Mao , Z. Min , W. Mitthumsiri , G. B. Mou , H. J. Mu , A. Neronov , K. C. Y. Ng , M. Y. Ni , L. Nie , L. J. Ou , P. Pattarakijwanich , Z. Y. Pei , J. C. Qi , M. Y. Qi , J. J. Qin , A. Raza , C. Y. Ren , D. Ruffolo , A. Saiz , D. Semikoz , L. Shao , O. Shchegolev , Y. Z. Shen , X. D. Sheng , Z. D. Shi , F. W. Shu , H. C. Song , V. Stepanov , Y. Su , D. X. Sun , H. Sun , Q. N. Sun , X. N. Sun , Z. B. Sun , N. H. Tabasam , J. Takata , P. H. T. Tam , H. B. Tan , Q. W. Tang , R. Tang , Z. B. Tang , W. W. Tian , C. N. Tong , L. H. Wan , C. Wang , G. W. Wang , H. G. Wang , J. C. Wang , K. Wang , Kai Wang , Kai Wang , L. P. Wang , L. Y. Wang , L. Y. Wang , R. Wang , W. Wang , X. G. Wang , X. J. Wang , X. Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. D. Wang , Z. H. Wang , Z. X. Wang , Zheng Wang , D. M. Wei , J. J. Wei , Y. J. Wei , T. Wen , S. S. Weng , C. Y. Wu , H. R. Wu , Q. W. Wu , S. Wu , X. F. Wu , Y. S. Wu , S. Q. Xi , J. Xia , J. J. Xia , G. M. Xiang , D. X. Xiao , G. Xiao , Y. L. Xin , Y. Xing , D. R. Xiong , Z. Xiong , D. L. Xu , R. F. Xu , R. X. Xu , W. L. Xu , L. Xue , D. H. Yan , T. Yan , C. W. Yang , C. Y. Yang , F. F. Yang , L. L. Yang , M. J. Yang , R. Z. Yang , W. X. Yang , Z. H. Yang , Z. G. Yao , X. A. Ye , L. Q. Yin , N. Yin , X. H. You , Z. Y. You , Q. Yuan , H. Yue , H. D. Zeng , T. X. Zeng , W. Zeng , X. T. Zeng , M. Zha , B. B. Zhang , B. T. Zhang , C. Zhang , F. Zhang , H. Zhang , H. M. Zhang , H. Y. Zhang , J. L. Zhang , Li Zhang , P. F. Zhang , P. P. Zhang , R. Zhang , S. R. Zhang , S. S. Zhang , W. Y. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yong Zhang , Z. P. Zhang , J. Zhao , L. Zhao , L. Z. Zhao , S. P. Zhao , X. H. Zhao , Z. H. Zhao , F. Zheng , W. J. Zhong , B. Zhou , H. Zhou , J. N. Zhou , M. Zhou , P. Zhou , R. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , B. Y. Zhu , C. G. Zhu , F. R. Zhu , H. Zhu , K. J. Zhu , Y. C. Zou , X. Zuo

Measurements of All-Particle Energy Spectrum and Mean Logarithmic Mass of Cosmic Rays from 0.3 to 30 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A

We present the measurements of all-particle energy spectrum and mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the energy range of 0.3-30 PeV using data collected from LHAASO-KM2A between September 2021 and December 2022, which is based on a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-03-27 The LHAASO Collaboration , Zhen Cao , F. Aharonian , Q. An , A. Axikegu , Y. X. Bai , Y. W. Bao , D. Bastieri , X. J. Bi , Y. J. Bi , J. T. Cai , Q. Cao , W. Y. Cao , Zhe Cao , J. Chang , J. F. Chang , A. M. Chen , E. S. Chen , Liang Chen , Lin Chen , Long Chen , M. J. Chen , M. L. Chen , Q. H. Chen , S. H. Chen , S. Z. Chen , T. L. Chen , Y. Chen , N. Cheng , Y. D. Cheng , M. Y. Cui , S. W. Cui , X. H. Cui , Y. D. Cui , B. Z. Dai , H. L. Dai , Z. G. Dai , Danzengluobu , D. della Volpe , X. Q. Dong , K. K. Duan , J. H. Fan , Y. Z. Fan , J. Fang , K. Fang , C. F. Feng , L. Feng , S. H. Feng , X. T. Feng , Y. L. Feng , S. Gabici , B. Gao , C. D. Gao , L. Q. Gao , Q. Gao , W. Gao , W. K. Gao , M. M. Ge , L. S. Geng , G. Giacinti , G. H. Gong , Q. B. Gou , M. H. Gu , F. L. Guo , X. L. Guo , Y. Q. Guo , Y. Y. Guo , Y. A. Han , H. H. He , H. N. He , J. Y. He , X. B. He , Y. He , M. Heller , Y. K. Hor , B. W. Hou , C. Hou , X. Hou , H. B. Hu , Q. Hu , S. C. Hu , D. H. Huang , T. Q. Huang , W. J. Huang , X. T. Huang , X. Y. Huang , Y. Huang , Z. C. Huang , X. L. Ji , H. Y. Jia , K. Jia , K. Jiang , X. W. Jiang , Z. J. Jiang , M. Jin , M. M. Kang , T. Ke , D. Kuleshov , K. Kurinov , B. B. Li , Cheng Li , Cong Li , D. Li , F. Li , H. B. Li , H. C. Li , H. Y. Li , J. Li , Jian Li , Jie Li , K. Li , W. L. Li , W. L. Li , X. R. Li , Xin Li , Y. Z. Li , Zhe Li , Zhuo Li , E. W. Liang , Y. F. Liang , S. J. Lin , B. Liu , C. Liu , D. Liu , H. Liu , H. D. Liu , J. Liu , J. L. Liu , J. Y. Liu , M. Y. Liu , R. Y. Liu , S. M. Liu , W. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. N. Liu , R. Lu , Q. Luo , H. K. Lv , B. Q. Ma , L. L. Ma , X. H. Ma , J. R. Mao , Z. Min , W. Mitthumsiri , H. J. Mu , Y. C. Nan , A. Neronov , Z. W. Ou , B. Y. Pang , P. Pattarakijwanich , Z. Y. Pei , M. Y. Qi , Y. Q. Qi , B. Q. Qiao , J. J. Qin , D. Ruffolo , A. Sáiz , D. Semikoz , C. Y. Shao , L. Shao , O. Shchegolev , X. D. Sheng , F. W. Shu , H. C. Song , Yu. V. Stenkin , V. Stepanov , Y. Su , Q. N. Sun , X. N. Sun , Z. B. Sun , P. H. T. Tam , Q. W. Tang , Z. B. Tang , W. W. Tian , C. Wang , C. B. Wang , G. W. Wang , H. G. Wang , H. H. Wang , J. C. Wang , K. Wang , L. P. Wang , L. Y. Wang , P. H. Wang , R. Wang , W. Wang , X. G. Wang , X. Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. D. Wang , Y. J. Wang , Z. H. Wang , Z. X. Wang , Zhen Wang , Zheng Wang , D. M. Wei , J. J. Wei , Y. J. Wei , T. Wen , C. Y. Wu , H. R. Wu , S. Wu , X. F. Wu , Y. S. Wu , S. Q. Xi , J. Xia , J. J. Xia , G. M. Xiang , D. X. Xiao , G. Xiao , G. G. Xin , Y. L. Xin , Y. Xing , Z. Xiong , D. L. Xu , R. F. Xu , R. X. Xu , W. L. Xu , L. Xue , D. H. Yan , J. Z. Yan , T. Yan , C. W. Yang , F. Yang , F. F. Yang , H. W. Yang , J. Y. Yang , L. L. Yang , M. J. Yang , R. Z. Yang , S. B. Yang , Y. H. Yao , Z. G. Yao , Y. M. Ye , L. Q. Yin , N. Yin , X. H. You , Z. Y. You , Y. H. Yu , Q. Yuan , H. Yue , H. D. Zeng , T. X. Zeng , W. Zeng , M. Zha , B. B. Zhang , F. Zhang , H. M. Zhang , H. Y. Zhang , J. L. Zhang , L. X. Zhang , Li Zhang , P. F. Zhang , P. P. Zhang , R. Zhang , S. B. Zhang , S. R. Zhang , S. S. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Y. F. Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yong Zhang , B. Zhao , J. Zhao , L. Zhao , L. Z. Zhao , S. P. Zhao , F. Zheng , B. Zhou , H. Zhou , J. N. Zhou , M. Zhou , P. Zhou , R. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , C. G. Zhu , F. R. Zhu , H. Zhu , K. J. Zhu , X. Zuo

Nonmonotonic change with energy of the mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the knee region: the mechanism of formation of this feature and sources of particles

Recently, the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) published measurements of the all-particle CR energy spectrum and the mean logarithmic mass of CRs with unprecedented accuracy in 0.3-30 PeV. The mean logarithmic mass shows…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-03 A. A. Lagutin , N. V. Volkov

Energy dependence of the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum across the Milky Way

The all-particle spectrum of cosmic rays measured at Earth has a knee-like feature around 4 PeV. A priori, it is not clear if this is a local feature specific to the Solar neighbourhood in the Milky Way, or if it is a generic property of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-17 C. Prevotat , M. Kachelriess , S. Koldobskiy , A. Neronov , D. Semikoz

Cosmic Rays in the 'Knee'-Region - Recent Results from KASCADE -

Recent results from the KASCADE experiment on measurements of cosmic rays in the energy range of the knee are presented. Emphasis is placed on energy spectra of individual mass groups as obtained from sophisticated unfolding procedures…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 K. -H. Kampert , KASCADE-Grande Collaboration

Energy Spectrum and Mass Composition around the Knee by EAS Measurements

Primary cosmic ray particles above energies of about 100 TeV are investigated by large-area ground based detector installations, observing various components of the development of extensive air-showers (EAS). By such an indirect access to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 A. Haungs

Cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum above 1 TeV: direct and EAS measurements

The most recent experimental results on the cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum above 1 TeV are reviewed and discussed. All data agree on the presence of the so-called ``knee'' at an energy E(knee) = 3-4 PeV; the knee is seen in all…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. Castellina

The expectation of cosmic ray proton and helium energy spectrum below 4 PeV measured by LHAASO

Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO) is a composite cosmic ray observatory consisting of three detector arrays: kilometer square array (KM2A) which includes the electromagnetic detector array and muon detector array, water…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-04-22 L. Q. Yin , S. S. Zhang , Z. Cao , B. Y. Bi , C. Wang , J. L. Liu , L. L. Ma , M. J. Yang , Tiina Suomijarvi , Y. Zhang , Z. Y. You , Z. Z Zong

On the knee of Galactic cosmic rays in light of sub-TeV spectral hardenings

More than fifty years after the discovery of the knee in the cosmic ray spectra, its physical origin remains a mystery. This is partly due to the ambiguity of the energy spectrum of individual composition. Recently, direct measurements from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-08-01 Yi-Qing Guo , Qiang Yuan

Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above $10^{16}$ eV with the LOFAR Radboud Air Shower Array

The energy reconstruction of extensive air showers measured with the LOFAR Radboud Air Shower Array (LORA) is presented in detail. LORA is a particle detector array located in the center of the LOFAR radio telescope in the Netherlands. The…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-09 S. Thoudam , S. Buitink , A. Corstanje , J. E. Enriquez , H. Falcke , J. R. Hörandel , A. Nelles , J. P. Rachen , L. Rossetto , P. Schellart , O. Scholten , S. ter Veen , T. N. G. Trinh , L. van Kessel

The primary cosmic ray composition between 10**15 and 10**16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

The cosmic ray primary composition in the energy range between 10**15 and 10**16 eV, i.e., around the "knee" of the primary spectrum, has been studied through the combined measurements of the EAS-TOP air shower array (2005 m a.s.l., 10**5…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 TOP Collaboration , MACRO Collaboration

Model selection applied to reconstructions of the Dark Energy

The main aim of this paper is to perform a model comparison for some reconstructions of the key properties that describe the dark energy of the Universe i.e. energy density and the equation of state (EoS). We carry out this process by using…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-28 Luis A. Escamilla , J. Alberto Vazquez

Energy spectra of elemental groups of cosmic rays with the KASCADE experiment data and machine learning

We report the reconstruction of the mass component spectra of cosmic rays (protons, helium, carbon, silicon and iron) and their mean mass composition, at energies from 1.4 to 100 PeV. The results are derived from the archival data of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-06-28 M. Yu. Kuznetsov , N. A. Petrov , I. A. Plokhikh , V. V. Sotnikov

A model-independent dark energy reconstruction scheme using the geometrical form of the luminosity-distance relation

We put forward a new model-independent reconstruction scheme for dark energy which utilises the expected geometrical features of the luminosity-distance relation. The important advantage of this scheme is that it does not assume explicit…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Stephane Fay , Reza Tavakol

A new approach to inferring the mass composition of cosmic rays at energies above 10^18 eV

We describe a new approach to establishing the mass composition at high energies. Based on measuring both the vertical and inclined shower rates, it has the potential to distinguish heavy nuclei from light nuclei. We apply the method to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. Ave , J. A. Hinton , R. A. Vazquez , A. A. Watson , E. Zas