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Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to numerous applications in critical domains where reliability is paramount. Despite significant advances in safety frameworks and guardrails, current protective measures exhibit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan , Ph. D

Guardrails have emerged as an alternative to safety alignment for content moderation of large language models (LLMs). Existing model-based guardrails have not been designed for resource-constrained computational portable devices, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hayder Elesedy , Pedro M. Esperança , Silviu Vlad Oprea , Mete Ozay

In many practical LLM deployments, a single guardrail is used for both prompt and response moderation. Prompt moderation operates on fully observed text, whereas streaming response moderation requires safety decisions to be made over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Pride Kavumba , Koki Wataoka , Huy H. Nguyen , Jiaxuan Li , Masaya Ohagi

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities across various tasks in different domains. However, the emergence of biases and the potential for generating harmful content in LLMs, particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Zhuowen Yuan , Zidi Xiong , Yi Zeng , Ning Yu , Ruoxi Jia , Dawn Song , Bo Li

The jailbreak attack can bypass the safety measures of a Large Language Model (LLM), generating harmful content. This misuse of LLM has led to negative societal consequences. Currently, there are two main approaches to address jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Zezhong Wang , Fangkai Yang , Lu Wang , Pu Zhao , Hongru Wang , Liang Chen , Qingwei Lin , Kam-Fai Wong

Multi-constraint instruction following requires verifying whether a response satisfies multiple individual requirements, yet LLM judges are often assessed only through overall-response judgments. We introduce MCJudgeBench, a benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jaeyun Lee , Junyoung Koh , Zeynel Tok , Hunar Batra , Ronald Clark

We introduce AutoMonitor-Bench, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the reliability of LLM-based misbehavior monitors across diverse tasks and failure modes. AutoMonitor-Bench consists of 3,010 carefully annotated test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Shu Yang , Jingyu Hu , Tong Li , Hanqi Yan , Wenxuan Wang , Di Wang

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Guard models are a critical component of LLM safety, but their sensitivity to superficial linguistic variations remains a key vulnerability. We show that even meaning-preserving paraphrases can cause large fluctuations in safety scores,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Cristina Pinneri , Christos Louizos

Ensuring the safety of large language models (LLMs) is critical as they are deployed in real-world applications. Existing guardrails rely on rule-based filtering or single-pass classification, limiting their ability to handle nuanced safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiaofei Wen , Wenxuan Zhou , Wenjie Jacky Mo , Muhao Chen

Safeguarding large language models (LLMs) against unsafe or adversarial behavior is critical as they are increasingly deployed in conversational and agentic settings. Existing moderation tools often treat safety risks (e.g. toxicity, bias)…

We present MultiBreak, a scalable and diverse multi-turn jailbreak benchmark to evaluate large language model (LLM) safety. Multi-turn jailbreaks mimic natural conversational settings, making them easier to bypass safety-aligned LLM than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jialin Song , Xiaodong Liu , Weiwei Yang , Wuyang Chen , Mingqian Feng , Xuekai Zhu , Jianfeng Gao

Large language model (LLM) safety classifiers such as Llama Guard are effective at detecting overtly harmful prompts but remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks that disguise malicious intent through role-play scenarios,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lixing Lin , Juli You , Yue Li , Luyun Lin , Yiqing Wang , Zhen Zhang , Moxuan Zheng

Achieving robust safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) while preserving their utility remains a fundamental challenge. Existing approaches often struggle to balance comprehensive safety with fine-grained controllability at the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Huizhen Shu , Xuying Li , Zhuo Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) achieve strong reasoning and perception capabilities but are increasingly vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. While existing work focuses on explicit attacks, where malicious content resides in a single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xu Zhang , Hao Li , Zhichao Lu

Short-video platforms now host vast multimodal ads whose deceptive visuals, speech and subtitles demand finer-grained, policy-driven moderation than community safety filters. We present BLM-Guard, a content-audit framework for commercial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yiran Yang , Zhaowei Liu , Yuan Yuan , Yukun Song , Xiong Ma , Yinghao Song , Xiangji Zeng , Lu Sun , Yulu Wang , Hai Zhou , Shuai Cui , Zhaohan Gong , Jiefei Zhang

Guardrail, an emerging mechanism designed to ensure that large language models (LLMs) align with human values by moderating harmful or toxic responses, requires a sociotechnical approach in their design. This paper addresses a critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinwei Hu , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

The ability to follow instructions is crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle various real-world applications. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on evaluating pure response quality, rather than assessing whether the response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Wanjun Zhong , Liangyou Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Wei Wang

As LLMs become widespread across diverse applications, concerns about the security and safety of LLM interactions have intensified. Numerous guardrail models and benchmarks have been developed to ensure LLM content safety. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Mintong Kang , Zhaorun Chen , Chejian Xu , Jiawei Zhang , Chengquan Guo , Minzhou Pan , Ivan Revilla , Yu Sun , Bo Li

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring robust safety measures is paramount. To meet this crucial need, we propose \emph{SALAD-Bench}, a safety benchmark specifically designed for evaluating LLMs, attack,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Lijun Li , Bowen Dong , Ruohui Wang , Xuhao Hu , Wangmeng Zuo , Dahua Lin , Yu Qiao , Jing Shao