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A long standing goal for quantum communication is to transfer a quantum state over arbitrary distances. Free-space quantum communication provides a promising solution towards this challenging goal. Here, through a 97-km free space channel,…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has the potential to improve communications security by offering cryptographic keys whose security relies on the fundamental properties of quantum physics. The use of a trusted quantum receiver on an orbiting…

Satellite based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is currently the only viable technology to span thousands of kilometres. Since the typical overhead pass of a satellite lasts for a few minutes, it is crucial to…

Power consumption is a critical constraint for CubeSat based quantum communication, where tracking systems often dominate the onboard power budget. We demonstrate an energy-efficient approach that enables reliable satellite tracking at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Eric Vokes , Vinod N. Rao , Elinore Spencer , Rupesh Kumar

Entanglement distribution across remote distances is critical for many quantum applications. Currently, the de facto approach for remote entanglement distribution relies on optical fiber for on-the-ground entanglement distribution. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Huayue Gu , Ruozhou Yu , Zhouyu Li , Xiaojian Wang , Guoliang Xue

By harnessing quantum effects, we nowadays can use encryption that is in principle proven to withstand any conceivable attack. These fascinating quantum features have been implemented in metropolitan quantum networks around the world. In…

The study of quantum channels is the fundamental field and promises wide range of applications, because any physical process can be represented as a quantum channel transforming an initial state into a final state. Inspired by the method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Shi-Jie Wei , Tao Xin , Gui-Lu Long

Quantum capacity, as the key figure of merit for a given quantum channel, upper bounds the channel's ability in transmitting quantum information. Identifying different type of channels, evaluating the corresponding quantum capacity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-08 Changchun Zhong , Changhun Oh , Liang Jiang

Global quantum communications will enable long-distance secure data transfer, networked distributed quantum information processing, and other entanglement-enabled technologies. Satellite quantum communication overcomes optical fibre range…

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the link budget for free-space optical systems involving Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. We develop a detailed model of the satellite-to-ground channel that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Artur Czerwinski , Jakub J. Borkowski , Saeed Haddadi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) via satellite links is the only currently viable solution to create quantum-backed secure communication at a global scale. To achieve intercontinental coverage with available technology one must adopt a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-14 Gianluca De Santis , Konstantin Kravtsov , Sana Amairi-Pyka , James A. Grieve

Catering to emerging satellite-based free-space optical (FSO) communication networks and exploiting polarization encoding via Stokes operators, we propose a novel simultaneous quantum-classical communications (SQCC) protocol. The protocol…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Anjali Dhiman , Ziqing Wang , Timothy C. Ralph , Ryan Aguinaldo , Robert Malaney

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a key exchange protocol which is implemented over free space optical links and optical fiber cable. When direct communication is not possible, QKD is performed over fiber cables, but the imperfections in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-14 Vishal Sharma , Subhashish Banerjee

Future quantum communication infrastructures will rely on both terrestrial and space-based links integrating high-performance optical systems engineered for this purpose. In space-based downlinks in particular, the loss budget and the…

Multimode receivers based on spatial or modal diversity are promising architectures to mitigate in real time the atmospheric turbulence effects for free space optical (FSO) communications. In this paper, we evaluate and comment on the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-19 Vincent Billault , Jerome Bourderionnet , Luc Leviandier , Patrick Feneyrou , Anaelle Maho , Michel Sotom , Arnaud Brignon

Integrating high altitude platforms (HAPs) and free-space optical (FSO) communications is a promising solution to establish high data rate aerial links for the next-generation wireless networks. However, practical limitations such as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Hossein Safi , Akbar Dargahi , Julian Cheng , Majid Safari

Relay-assisted free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are exploited as a means to mitigate the limiting effects of the turbulence induced atmospheric scintillation. However, conventional ground relays are stationary, and their…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Jin-Yuan Wang , Yang Ma , Rong-Rong Lu , Jun-Bo Wang , Min Lin , Julian Cheng

In this review we discuss how channel simulation can be used to simplify the most general protocols of quantum parameter estimation, where unlimited entanglement and adaptive joint operations may be employed. Whenever the unknown parameter…

Real-world BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems utilize imperfect devices that introduce vulnerabilities to their security, known as side-channel attacks. Measurement-Device-Independent (MDI) QKD authorizes an untrusted third party…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Kazi Reaz , Md Mehdi Hassan , Adrien Green , Noah Crum , George Siopsis

In this work we analyze a measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol to establish continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) between two ground stations. We assume communication occurs between the ground stations via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Robert Malaney