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This paper introduces a Virtual Immunohistochemistry Multiplex staining (VIMs) model designed to generate multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from a single hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section. IHC stains are crucial in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Shikha Dubey , Yosep Chong , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Conventional hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is limited to revealing cell morphology and distribution, whereas immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides precise and specific visualization of protein activation at the molecular level.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Fuqiang Chen , Ranran Zhang , Boyun Zheng , Yiwen Sun , Jiahui He , Wenjian Qin

Multiplex imaging is revolutionizing pathology by enabling the simultaneous visualization of multiple biomarkers within tissue samples, providing molecular-level insights that traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining cannot provide.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Hyun-Jic Oh , Junsik Kim , Zhiyi Shi , Yichen Wu , Yu-An Chen , Peter K Sorger , Hanspeter Pfister , Won-Ki Jeong

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has transformed clinical pathology by enabling the visualization of specific proteins within tissue sections. However, traditional IHC requires one tissue section per stain, exhibits section-to-section…

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to computationally synthesize molecular staining patterns from routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) images, offering a cost-effective and tissue-efficient alternative to traditional physical staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rongze Ma , Mengkang Lu , Zhenyu Xiang , Yongsheng Pan , Yicheng Wu , Qingjie Zeng , Yong Xia

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining visualizes histology but lacks specificity for diagnostic markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining provides protein-targeted staining but is restricted by tissue availability and antibody…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Anran Liu , Xiaofei Wang , Jing Cai , Chao Li

In histopathology, tissue sections are typically stained using common H&E staining or special stains (MAS, PAS, PASM, etc.) to clearly visualize specific tissue structures. The rapid advancement of deep learning offers an effective solution…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-23 Zizhi Chen , Xinyu Zhang , Minghao Han , Yizhou Liu , Ziyun Qian , Weifeng Zhang , Xukun Zhang , Jingwei Wei , Lihua Zhang

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images can accelerate diagnostics by providing preliminary molecular insight directly from routine sections, reducing the need for repeat sectioning when tissue is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jillur Rahman Saurav , Thuong Le Hoai Pham , Pritam Mukherjee , Paul Yi , Brent A. Orr , Jacob M. Luber

Immunohistochemical (IHC) virtual staining is a task that generates virtual IHC images from H\&E images while maintaining pathological semantic consistency with adjacent slices. This task aims to achieve cross-domain mapping between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yue Peng , Bing Xiong , Fuqiang Chen , De Eybo , RanRan Zhang , Wanming Hu , Jing Cai , Wenjian Qin

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Virtual staining has emerged as a powerful alternative to traditional histopathological staining techniques, enabling rapid, reagent-free image transformations. However, existing evaluation methods predominantly rely on full-reference image…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-18 Qiankai Wang , James E. D. Tweel , Parsin Haji Reza , Anita Layton

Histological Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized for their correlation with the efficacy of immunotherapy in various solid tumors. Traditionally, the identification and characterization of TLSs rely on…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Qiuli Wang , Yongxu Liu , Li Ma , Xianqi Wang , Wei Chen , Xiaohong Yao

Tumor spatial heterogeneity analysis requires precise correlation between Hematoxylin and Eosin H&E morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression, yet current methods suffer from spatial misalignment in consecutive sections,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yizhe Yuan , Bingsen Xue , Bangzheng Pu , Chengxiang Wang , Cheng Jin

Virtual staining offers a promising method for converting Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images into Immunohistochemical (IHC) images, eliminating the need for costly chemical processes. However, existing methods often struggle to utilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Zhaohu Xing , Haipeng Zhou , Lei Zhu

Virtual staining leverages computer-aided techniques to transfer the style of histochemically stained tissue samples to other staining types. In virtual staining of pathological images, maintaining strict structural consistency is crucial,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-17 Bing Xiong , Yue Peng , RanRan Zhang , Fuqiang Chen , JiaYe He , Wenjian Qin

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is widely regarded as the standard in pathology for diagnosing diseases and tracking tumor recurrence. While H&E staining shows tissue structures, it lacks the ability to reveal specific proteins that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Compared to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) not only maintains the structural features of tissue samples, but also provides high-resolution protein localization, which is essential for aiding in pathology…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yuhang Kang , Ziyu Su , Tianyang Wang , Zaibo Li , Wei Chen , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi
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