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Human relevance assessment is time-consuming and cognitively intensive, limiting the scalability of Information Retrieval evaluation. This has led to growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) as proxies for human judges.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chuting Yu , Hang Li , Guido Zuccon , Joel Mackenzie , Teerapong Leelanupab

The effective training and evaluation of retrieval systems require a substantial amount of relevance judgments, which are traditionally collected from human assessors -- a process that is both costly and time-consuming. Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz , Nick Craswell , Bhaskar Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in both academic and industry settings to automate the evaluation of information seeking systems, particularly by generating graded relevance judgments. Previous work on LLM-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in document re-ranking, a key component in modern Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations, including ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Pinhuan Wang , Zhiqiu Xia , Chunhua Liao , Feiyi Wang , Hang Liu

Deep neural networks have achieved significant improvements in information retrieval (IR). However, most existing models are computational costly and can not efficiently scale to long documents. This paper proposes a novel End-to-End neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Chen Zheng , Yu Sun , Shengxian Wan , Dianhai Yu

Zero-shot text rankers powered by recent LLMs achieve remarkable ranking performance by simply prompting. Existing prompts for pointwise LLM rankers mostly ask the model to choose from binary relevance labels like "Yes" and "No". However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Honglei Zhuang , Zhen Qin , Kai Hui , Junru Wu , Le Yan , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

For e-commerce search, user experience is measured by users' behavioral responses to returned products, like click-through rate and conversion rate, as well as the relevance between returned products and search queries. Consequently,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Aijun Dai , Jixiang Zhang , Haiqing Hu , Guoyu Tang , Lin Liu , Ziguang Cheng

Query understanding is essential in modern relevance systems, where user queries are often short, ambiguous, and highly context-dependent. Traditional approaches often rely on multiple task-specific Named Entity Recognition models to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Ping Liu , Jianqiang Shen , Qianqi Shen , Chunnan Yao , Kevin Kao , Dan Xu , Rajat Arora , Baofen Zheng , Caleb Johnson , Liangjie Hong , Jingwei Wu , Wenjing Zhang

The paradigm shift from item-centric ranking to answer-centric synthesis is redefining the role of search engines. While recent industrial progress has applied generative techniques to closed-set item ranking in e-commerce, research and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wei Wu , Peilun Zhou , Liyi Chen , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong

Information retrieval systems have traditionally optimized for topical relevance-the degree to which retrieved documents match a query. However, relevance only approximates a deeper goal: utility, namely, whether retrieved information helps…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hengran Zhang , Minghao Tang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

The LLMJudge challenge is organized as part of the LLM4Eval workshop at SIGIR 2024. Test collections are essential for evaluating information retrieval (IR) systems. The evaluation and tuning of a search system is largely based on relevance…

Semantic relevance judgment for search is particularly challenging in knowledge-intensive scenarios, where accurate ranking requires not only semantic matching but also background grounding, multi-step reasoning, and well-calibrated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hengjun Jiang , Liansheng Sun , Yan Jiang , Xiaojie Ke , Yongjin Wang , Xiangkun Liu , Cunxin Gu , Jian Xu , Guanjun Jiang

Determining which legal cases are relevant to a given query involves navigating lengthy texts and applying nuanced legal reasoning. Traditionally, this task has demanded significant time and domain expertise to identify key Legal Facts and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Shengjie Ma , Qi Chu , Jiaxin Mao , Xuhui Jiang , Haozhe Duan , Chong Chen

In the information retrieval (IR) domain, evaluation plays a crucial role in optimizing search experiences and supporting diverse user intents. In the recent LLM era, research has been conducted to automate document relevance labels, as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mouly Dewan , Jiqun Liu , Chirag Shah

Relevance modeling is a critical component for enhancing user experience in search engines, with the primary objective of identifying items that align with users' queries. Traditional models only rely on the semantic congruence between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zeyuan Chen , Haiyan Wu , Kaixin Wu , Wei Chen , Mingjie Zhong , Jia Xu , Zhongyi Liu , Wei Zhang

Modern Large Language Model (LLM) systems typically rely on Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) which aims to gather context that is useful for response generation. These RAG systems typically optimize strictly towards retrieving context…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Will LeVine , Bijan Varjavand

Conversational recommender systems (CRSs) enhance recommendation quality by engaging users in multi-turn dialogues, capturing nuanced preferences through natural language interactions. However, these systems often face the false negative…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Haozhe Xu , Xiaohua Wang , Changze Lv , Xiaoqing Zheng

Traditional evaluation of information retrieval (IR) systems relies on human-annotated relevance labels, which can be both biased and costly at scale. In this context, large language models (LLMs) offer an alternative by allowing us to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

Topic relevance between query and document is a very important part of social search, which can evaluate the degree of matching between document and user's requirement. In most social search scenarios such as Dianping, modeling search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Yizhu Liu , Ran Tao , Shengyu Guo , Yifan Yang

LLM-based relevance judgment generation has become a crucial approach in advancing evaluation methodologies in Information Retrieval (IR). It has progressed significantly, often showing high correlation with human judgments as reflected in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Mouly Dewan , Jiqun Liu , Chirag Shah