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Transformers dominate NLP and IR; but their inference inefficiencies and challenges in extrapolating to longer contexts have sparked interest in alternative model architectures. Among these, state space models (SSMs) like Mamba offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhichao Xu , Jinghua Yan , Ashim Gupta , Vivek Srikumar

While Transformers have been the main architecture behind deep learning's success in language modeling, state-space models (SSMs) such as Mamba have recently been shown to match or outperform Transformers at small to medium scale. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Tri Dao , Albert Gu

State space models (SSMs) for language modelling promise an efficient and performant alternative to quadratic-attention Transformers, yet show variable performance on recalling basic information from the context. While performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Aryaman Arora , Neil Rathi , Nikil Roashan Selvam , Róbert Csordás , Dan Jurafsky , Christopher Potts

Foundation models, now powering most of the exciting applications in deep learning, are almost universally based on the Transformer architecture and its core attention module. Many subquadratic-time architectures such as linear attention,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Albert Gu , Tri Dao

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the popular transformer-based models and have been increasingly gaining attention. Compared to transformers, SSMs excel at tasks with sequential data or longer contexts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xingtai Lv , Youbang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Shang Qu , Xuekai Zhu , Yuchen Fan , Yi Wu , Ermo Hua , Xinwei Long , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

Recent advances in sequence modeling have introduced selective SSMs as promising alternatives to Transformer architectures, offering theoretical computational efficiency and sequence processing advantages. A comprehensive understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Abdullah Al Asif , Mobina Kashaniyan , Sixing Yu , Juan Pablo Muñoz , Ali Jannesari

Selective state-space models (SSMs) like Mamba overcome some of the shortcomings of Transformers, such as quadratic computational complexity with sequence length and large inference-time memory requirements from the key-value cache.…

Linear State Space Models (SSMs) offer remarkable performance gains in efficient sequence modeling, with constant inference-time computation and memory complexity. Recent advances, such as Mamba, further enhance SSMs with input-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zheng Zhan , Liliang Ren , Shuohang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Yang Liu , Yeyun Gong , Yanzhi Wang , Yelong Shen

State Space Model (SSM) is a mathematical model used to describe and analyze the behavior of dynamic systems. This model has witnessed numerous applications in several fields, including control theory, signal processing, economics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Xiao Liu , Chenxu Zhang , Lei Zhang

Mamba-based State Space Models (SSM) have emerged as a promising alternative to the ubiquitous transformers. Despite the expressive power of transformers, the quadratic complexity of computing attention is a major impediment to scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Trinayan Baruah , Kaustubh Shivdikar , Sara Prescott , David Kaeli

Selective State-Space Models (SSMs) such as Mamba have emerged as an alternative architecture to self-attention based transformers in sequence modeling tasks. Recent works have demonstrated the use of transformers in some filtering and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alex Tang , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Batin Kurt , Samet Oymak , Necmiye Ozay

Structured State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a transformative paradigm in sequence modeling, addressing critical limitations of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Transformers, namely, vanishing gradients, sequential computation…

We propose ss-Mamba, a novel foundation model that enhances time series forecasting by integrating semantic-aware embeddings and adaptive spline-based temporal encoding within a selective state-space modeling framework. Building upon the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Zuochen Ye

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning across various tasks, including audio representation learning, due to their powerful modeling capabilities. However, they often suffer from quadratic complexity in both GPU memory usage and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-06 Siavash Shams , Sukru Samet Dindar , Xilin Jiang , Nima Mesgarani

Large pre-trained models have achieved outstanding results in sequence modeling. The Transformer block and its attention mechanism have been the main drivers of the success of these models. Recently, alternative architectures, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 J. Pablo Muñoz , Jinjie Yuan , Nilesh Jain

State Space Models (SSMs) have become serious contenders in the field of sequential modeling, challenging the dominance of Transformers. At the same time, Mixture of Experts (MoE) has significantly improved Transformer-based Large Language…

Structured state space models' (SSMs) development in recent studies, such as Mamba and Mamba2, outperformed and solved the computational inefficiency of transformers and large language models at small to medium scale. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Emadeldeen Hamdan , Hongyi Pan , Ahmet Enis Cetin

This paper explores the capability of Mamba, a recently proposed architecture based on state space models (SSMs), as a competitive alternative to Transformer-based models. In the speech domain, well-designed Transformer-based models, such…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Koichi Miyazaki , Yoshiki Masuyama , Masato Murata

Sequence modeling is a crucial area across various domains, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, time series forecasting, music generation, and bioinformatics. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Long Short Term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Badri Narayana Patro , Vijay Srinivas Agneeswaran

State Space Models (SSMs), particularly the Mamba architecture, have recently emerged as powerful alternatives to Transformers for sequence modeling, offering linear computational complexity while achieving competitive performance. Yet,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohamed A. Mabrok , Yalda Zafari
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