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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to many applications, with system prompts serving as a key mechanism to regulate model behavior and ensure ethical outputs. In this paper, we introduce a novel backdoor attack that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lu Yan , Siyuan Cheng , Xuan Chen , Kaiyuan Zhang , Guangyu Shen , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in specialized domains such as finance and healthcare, where they introduce unique safety risks. Domain-specific datasets of harmful prompts remain scarce and still largely rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Huawei Zheng , Xinqi Jiang , Sen Yang , Shouling Ji , Yingcai Wu , Dazhen Deng

Eliciting reasoning has emerged as a powerful technique for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks by inducing thinking. However, their effectiveness in realistic user-engaged agent scenarios remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jiatong Li , Changdae Oh , Hyeong Kyu Choi , Jindong Wang , Sharon Li

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), numerous mature applications of LLMs have emerged in the field of content safety detection. However, we have found that LLMs exhibit blind trust in safety detection agents. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yupeng Ren

The rapid deployment of open-source frameworks has significantly advanced the development of modern multi-agent systems. However, expanded action spaces, including uncontrolled privilege exposure and hidden inter-system interactions, pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Wenhui Zhu , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiwen Chen , Rui Cai , Peijie Qiu , Zhipeng Wang , Oana Frunza , Shao Tang , Jindong Gu , Yalin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

Natural language interfaces to structured databases are becoming increasingly common, largely due to advances in large language models (LLMs) that enable users to query data using conversational input rather than formal query languages such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in real-world decision-making tasks for embodied artificial intelligence, especially when fine-tuned to leverage their inherent common sense and reasoning abilities while being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ruochen Jiao , Shaoyuan Xie , Justin Yue , Takami Sato , Lixu Wang , Yixuan Wang , Qi Alfred Chen , Qi Zhu

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

Prompt injection threatens novel applications that emerge from adapting LLMs for various user tasks. The newly developed LLM-based software applications become more ubiquitous and diverse. However, the threat of prompt injection attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Valerii Gakh , Hayretdin Bahsi

Recent studies have discovered that large language models (LLM) may be ``fooled'' to output private information, including training data, system prompts, and personally identifiable information, under carefully crafted adversarial prompts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yuzhou Nie , Zhun Wang , Ye Yu , Xian Wu , Xuandong Zhao , Wenbo Guo , Dawn Song

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

We stress-tested 16 leading models from multiple developers in hypothetical corporate environments to identify potentially risky agentic behaviors before they cause real harm. In the scenarios, we allowed models to autonomously send emails…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Aengus Lynch , Benjamin Wright , Caleb Larson , Stuart J. Ritchie , Soren Mindermann , Evan Hubinger , Ethan Perez , Kevin Troy

Enabling continual learning in LLMs remains a key unresolved research challenge. In a recent announcement, a frontier LLM company made a step towards this by introducing Agent Skills, a framework that equips agents with new knowledge based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 David Schmotz , Sahar Abdelnabi , Maksym Andriushchenko

Autonomous AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) with structured function-calling interfaces enable real-time data retrieval, computation, and multi-step orchestration. However, the rapid growth of plugins, connectors, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Djallel Hamouda , Leandros Maglaras , Abderrahmane Lakas , Merouane Debbah

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on external tools and retrieval systems to autonomously complete complex tasks. However, this design exposes agents to indirect prompt injection (IPI), where attacker-controlled context…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Tian Zhang , Yiwei Xu , Juan Wang , Keyan Guo , Xiaoyang Xu , Bowen Xiao , Quanlong Guan , Jinlin Fan , Jiawei Liu , Zhiquan Liu , Hongxin Hu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents exhibit remarkable performance across diverse applications by using external tools to interact with environments. However, integrating external tools introduces security risks, such as indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Qiusi Zhan , Richard Fang , Henil Shalin Panchal , Daniel Kang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across a range of NLP tasks. However, their strong instruction-following capabilities and inability to distinguish instructions from data content make them vulnerable to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuexin Li , Yue Liu , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Large language model (LLM) assistants are increasingly integrated into enterprise workflows, raising new security concerns as they bridge internal and external data sources. This paper presents an in-depth case study of EchoLeak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Pavan Reddy , Aditya Sanjay Gujral

The rise of Large Language Model (LLM) agents, augmented with tool use, skills, and external knowledge, has introduced new security risks. Among them, prompt injection attacks, where adversaries embed malicious instructions into the agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shihao Weng , Yang Feng , Jinrui Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Jiongchi Yu , Jia Liu
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