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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in domains where causal reasoning matters, yet it remains unclear whether their judgments reflect normative causal computation, human-like shortcuts, or brittle pattern matching. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hanna M. Dettki , Charley M. Wu , Bob Rehder

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in understanding and reasoning about both visual and textual information. However, existing evaluation methods for LVLMs, primarily based on benchmarks like Visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinyu Wang , Bohan Zhuang , Qi Wu

Topic modeling is a research field finding increasing applications: historically from document retrieving, to sentiment analysis and text summarization. Large Language Models (LLM) are currently a major trend in text processing, but few…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabrice Boissier , Monica Sen , Irina Rychkova

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara

This study investigates whether large language models (LLMs) mirror human neurocognition during abstract reasoning. We compared the performance and neural representations of human participants with those of eight open-source LLMs on an…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-15 Christopher Pinier , Sonia Acuña Vargas , Mariia Steeghs-Turchina , Dora Matzke , Claire E. Stevenson , Michael D. Nunez

Language provides a natural interface to specify and evaluate performance on visual tasks. To realize this possibility, vision language models (VLMs) must successfully integrate visual and linguistic information. Our work compares VLMs to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Stephanie Fu , Tyler Bonnen , Devin Guillory , Trevor Darrell

Language models (LMs) and their extension, vision-language models (VLMs), have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they still struggle with complex reasoning tasks that require multimodal or multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Wenyi Wu , Zixuan Song , Kun Zhou , Yifei Shao , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

In-context learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn tasks from demonstration examples without parameter updates. Although it has been extensively studied in LLMs, its effectiveness in Vision-Language Models (VLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Gabriel O. dos Santos , Esther Colombini , Sandra Avila

Analogical reasoning -- the capacity to identify and map structural relationships between different domains -- is fundamental to human cognition and learning. Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can sometimes match…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sam Musker , Alex Duchnowski , Raphaël Millière , Ellie Pavlick

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) as reasoning modules that can deconstruct complex tasks into more manageable sub-tasks, particularly when applied to visual reasoning tasks for images. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ahmad Mahmood , Ashmal Vayani , Muzammal Naseer , Salman Khan , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of multimodal reasoning tasks, but they often struggle to disentangle fine-grained visual attributes and reason about underlying causal relationships.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Guangzhi Xiong , Sanchit Sinha , Zhenghao He , Aidong Zhang

The opaque nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their interpretability, primarily through post-hoc methods. More recent in-hoc approaches, such as Concept Bottleneck Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Or Raphael Bidusa , Shaul Markovitch

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of being in-context learners. However, the underlying mechanism of in-context learning (ICL) is still a major research question, and experimental research results about how models exploit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Aliakbar Nafar , Kristen Brent Venable , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Learning continually from a stream of non-i.i.d. data is an open challenge in deep learning, even more so when working in resource-constrained environments such as embedded devices. Visual models that are continually updated through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Clea Rebillard , Julio Hurtado , Andrii Krutsylo , Lucia Passaro , Vincenzo Lomonaco

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in a variety of tasks, but remain largely opaque in terms of their internal mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to improve their reasoning abilities.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-15 Xueqi Ma , Jun Wang , Yanbei Jiang , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Tongliang Liu , James Bailey

Large language models (LMs) are capable of in-context learning from a few demonstrations (example-label pairs) to solve new tasks during inference. Despite the intuitive importance of high-quality demonstrations, previous work has observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyi Tao , Xiaoyin Chen , Nelson F. Liu

Regression and Bayesian accounts of in-context learning (ICL) explain how demonstrations can induce predictors, while mechanistic analyses often identify compact activation directions that steer prompted behavior. However, it remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Wei Tang , Xinyan Jiang , Fakhri Karray , Lijie Hu

Machine Learning (ML) provides important techniques for classification and predictions. Most of these are black-box models for users and do not provide decision-makers with an explanation. For the sake of transparency or more validity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Léonard Kwuida , Dmitry I. Ignatov

Extracting abstract causal structures and applying them to novel situations is a hallmark of human intelligence. While Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown strong performance on a wide range of reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Liangru Xiang , Yuxi Ma , Zhihao Cao , Yixin Zhu , Song-Chun Zhu

Word feature vectors have been proven to improve many NLP tasks. With recent advances in unsupervised learning of these feature vectors, it became possible to train it with much more data, which also resulted in better quality of learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Marius Sajgalik , Michal Barla , Maria Bielikova