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Pre-trained language models have shown impressive performance on a variety of tasks and domains. Previous research on financial language models usually employs a generic training scheme to train standard model architectures, without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Raj Sanjay Shah , Kunal Chawla , Dheeraj Eidnani , Agam Shah , Wendi Du , Sudheer Chava , Natraj Raman , Charese Smiley , Jiaao Chen , Diyi Yang

In recent years, multimodal benchmarks for general domains have guided the rapid development of multimodal models on general tasks. However, the financial field has its peculiarities. It features unique graphical images (e.g., candlestick…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Ziliang Gan , Yu Lu , Dong Zhang , Haohan Li , Che Liu , Jian Liu , Ji Liu , Haipang Wu , Chaoyou Fu , Zenglin Xu , Rongjunchen Zhang , Yong Dai

FinanceQA is a testing suite that evaluates LLMs' performance on complex numerical financial analysis tasks that mirror real-world investment work. Despite recent advances, current LLMs fail to meet the strict accuracy requirements of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Spencer Mateega , Carlos Georgescu , Danny Tang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in financial scenarios. However, they may produce harmful outputs, including facilitating illegal activities or unethical behavior, posing serious compliance risks. To systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yutao Hou , Yihan Jiang , Yuhan Xie , Jian Yang , Liwen Zhang , Hailiang Huang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of new benchmarks for evaluating their performance in the financial domain. However, current financial benchmarks often rely on news articles, earnings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jie Zhu , Junhui Li , Yalong Wen , Xiandong Li , Lifan Guo , Feng Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in cybersecurity applications but have also caused lower confidence due to problems like hallucinations and a lack of truthfulness. Existing benchmarks provide general evaluations but…

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on standard reasoning and question-answering benchmarks, yet such evaluations often fail to capture their ability to handle long-tail, expertise-intensive knowledge in real-world professional…

Existing benchmarks for evaluating mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) rely primarily on competition problems, formal proofs, or artificially challenging questions -- failing to capture the nature of mathematics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Cezara Petrui , Kristina Nikolić , Florian Tramèr

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities across a wide variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks and have attracted attention from multiple domains, including financial services. Despite the extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jean Lee , Nicholas Stevens , Soyeon Caren Han , Minseok Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, but their effectiveness in financial decision-making remains inadequately evaluated. Current benchmarks primarily assess LLMs' understanding on…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Changlun Li , Yao Shi , Yuyu Luo , Nan Tang

Large language models (LLMs) hold great promise for business applications, yet business analysis remains inherently complex, demanding rigorous reasoning and the integration of diverse knowledge sources. Existing benchmarks typically target…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jianing Hao , Yuhe Wu , Yuanjian Xu , Shichang Meng , Shuai Yuan , Wei Zeng , Zixuan Wang , Guang Zhang

While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel in general visual tasks, their deployment in specialized financial contexts remains insufficient. Existing benchmarks prioritize isolated charts, often overlooking the need to integrate data from…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayong Zhu , Jiangtong Li , Jinru Ding , Dawei Cheng , Jie Xu , Feng Yu

Most reasoning benchmarks for LLMs emphasize factual accuracy or step-by-step logic. In finance, however, professionals must not only converge on optimal decisions but also generate creative, plausible futures under uncertainty. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Zhuang Qiang Bok , Watson Wei Khong Chua

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial contexts, raising critical concerns about reliability, alignment, and susceptibility to adversarial manipulation. While prior finance-related benchmarks assess LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaoyu Hu , Jinman Zhao

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a greater challenge of having a rigorous and systematic evaluation of complex tasks performed, especially in enterprise applications. Therefore, LLMs need to be able to benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Bing Zhang , Mikio Takeuchi , Ryo Kawahara , Shubhi Asthana , Md. Maruf Hossain , Guang-Jie Ren , Kate Soule , Yada Zhu

Language Models (LMs) struggle with complex, interdependent instructions, particularly in high-stakes domains like finance where precision is critical. We introduce FIFE, a novel, high-difficulty benchmark designed to assess LM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Glenn Matlin , Siddharth , Anirudh JM , Aditya Shukla , Yahya Hassan , Sudheer Chava

We introduce FinMMDocR, a novel bilingual multimodal benchmark for evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on real-world financial numerical reasoning. Compared to existing benchmarks, our work delivers three major advancements.…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in language understanding, generation, and reasoning, yet their potential in finance remains underexplored due to the complexity and specialization of financial knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Hanyu Zhang , Boyu Qiu , Yuhao Feng , Shuqi Li , Qian Ma , Xiyuan Zhang , Qiang Ju , Dong Yan , Jian Xie

Hallucination remains a critical challenge for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in finance. Accurate extraction and precise calculation from tabular data are essential for reliable financial analysis, since even minor numerical errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mengao Zhang , Jiayu Fu , Tanya Warrier , Yuwen Wang , Tianhui Tan , Ke-wei Huang

Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Zhilun Zhou , Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans