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Evaluating the causal impacts of possible interventions is crucial for informing decision-making, especially towards improving access to opportunity. However, if causal effects are heterogeneous and predictable from covariates, personalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ezinne Nwankwo , Michael I. Jordan , Angela Zhou

In the analysis of binary longitudinal data, it is of interest to model a dynamic relationship between a response and covariates as a function of time, while also investigating similar patterns of time-dependent interactions. We present a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-11 Jinwon Sohn , Seonghyun Jeong , Young Min Cho , Taeyoung Park

We present a class of inequality constraints on the set of distributions induced by local interventions on variables governed by a causal Bayesian network, in which some of the variables remain unmeasured. We derive bounds on causal effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Changsung Kang , Jin Tian

In medical research, a scenario often entertained is randomized controlled $2^2$ factorial design with a binary outcome. By utilizing the concept of potential outcomes, Dasgupta et al. (2015) proposed a randomization-based causal inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-15 Jiannan Lu

We propose an information-theoretic bias measurement technique through a causal interpretation of spurious correlation, which is effective to identify the feature-level algorithmic bias by taking advantage of conditional mutual information.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Seonguk Seo , Joon-Young Lee , Bohyung Han

Conformal prediction constructs a set of labels instead of a single point prediction, while providing a probabilistic coverage guarantee. Beyond the coverage guarantee, adaptiveness to example difficulty is an important property. It means…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sooyong Jang , Insup Lee

We consider the problem of estimating causal effects of interventions from observational data when well-known back-door and front-door adjustments are not applicable. We show that when an identifiable causal effect is subject to an implicit…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-13 Jouni Helske , Santtu Tikka , Juha Karvanen

Causal discovery in time series is increasingly performed using nonlinear machine-learning models, yet the resulting causal relationships are almost always summarized by scalar edge scores. We argue that this practice obscures the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Valentina V. Kuskova , Dmitry Zaytsev , Michael Coppedge

Recent work has raised concerns on the risk of spurious correlations and unintended biases in statistical machine learning models that threaten model robustness and fairness. In this paper, we propose a simple and intuitive regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Zhao Wang , Kai Shu , Aron Culotta

Causal graphs may inform covariate adjustment for estimating causal effects and improve estimation efficiency by exploiting the graphical structure. In many applications, however, the target causal parameter may not be point-identified due…

Proximal causal learning is a promising framework for identifying the causal effect under the existence of unmeasured confounders. Within this framework, the doubly robust (DR) estimator was derived and has shown its effectiveness in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Xinwei Sun

Many causal and structural effects depend on regressions. Examples include policy effects, average derivatives, regression decompositions, average treatment effects, causal mediation, and parameters of economic structural models. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Victor Chernozhukov , Whitney K Newey , Rahul Singh

Estimating causal effects from nonexperimental data is a fundamental problem in many fields of science. A key component of this task is selecting an appropriate set of covariates for confounding adjustment to avoid bias. Most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zheng Li , Xichen Guo , Feng Xie , Yan Zeng , Hao Zhang , Zhi Geng

There has been widespread use of causal inference methods for the rigorous analysis of observational studies and to identify policy evaluations. In this article, we consider a class of generalized coarsened procedures for confounding. At a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-04 Debashis Ghosh , Lei Wang

A variety of fairness constraints have been proposed in the literature to mitigate group-level statistical bias. Their impacts have been largely evaluated for different groups of populations corresponding to a set of sensitive attributes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Jialu Wang , Xin Eric Wang , Yang Liu

Varying domains and biased datasets can lead to differences between the training and the target distributions, known as covariate shift. Current approaches for alleviating this often rely on estimating the ratio of training and target…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-27 Bijan Mazaheri , Siddharth Jain , Jehoshua Bruck

A general framework with a series of different methods is proposed to improve the estimate of convex function (or functional) values when only noisy observations of the true input are available. Technically, our methods catch the bias…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-15 Chao Ma , Lexing Ying

Identifying effects of actions (treatments) on outcome variables from observational data and causal assumptions is a fundamental problem in causal inference. This identification is made difficult by the presence of confounders which can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-03-19 Ilya Shpitser , Tyler VanderWeele , James M. Robins

Regularization is often used in high-dimensional regression settings to generate a sparse model, which can save tremendous computing resources and identify predictors that are most strongly associated with the response. When the predictors…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-07 Jia Wei He , R. Ayesha Ali , Gerarda Darlington

In practice, the use of rounding is ubiquitous. Although researchers have looked at the implications of rounding continuous random variables, rounding may also be applied to functions of discrete random variables. For example, to infer the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Roberto Rivera , Axel Cortes-Cubero , Roberto Reyes-Carranza , Wolfgang Rolke
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