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Starting from recent experimental observations of starlings and jackdaws, we propose a minimal agent-based mathematical model for bird flocks based on a system of second-order delayed stochastic differential equations with discontinuous…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2021-10-08 Emiliano Cristiani , Marta Menci , Marco Papi , Léonard Brafman

In this letter, we reveal a universal, very simple extremum seeking natural feedback law and mechanism that governs, adapts, and generates in real-time, optimized lift variations for successful energy gain flight in presence of wind shear.…

Biological Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Simone Martini , Dipesh Kunwar , Sameh A. Eisa

Aerial insects exhibit highly agile maneuvers such as sharp braking, saccades, and body flips under disturbance. In contrast, insect-scale aerial robots are limited to tracking non-aggressive trajectories with small body acceleration. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yi-Hsuan Hsiao , Andrea Tagliabue , Owen Matteson , Suhan Kim , Tong Zhao , Jonathan P. How , YuFeng Chen

Bio-inspired $\pmb \vee$ flight formation is a well known technique for energy saving among groups of fixed-wing aircraft, and as of recently, for groups of quad-rotors. Here, we study the effect of the formation angle on the performance of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-28 Prasoon Suchandra , Shabnam Raayai-Ardakani

Robust cooperative formation control is investigated in this paper for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles in close formation flight to save energy. A novel cooperative control method is developed. The concept of virtual structure is…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Qingrui Zhang , Hugh H. T. Liu

The albatross optimized flight maneuver -- known as dynamic soaring -- is nothing but a wonder of biology, physics, and engineering. By utilizing dynamic soaring, the bird can travel in the desired flight direction almost for free by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Sameer Pokhrel , Sameh A. Eisa

It has been a long-standing problem how schooling fish optimize their motion by exploiting the vortices shed by the others. A recent experimental study showed that a pair of fish reduce energy consumption by matching the phases of their…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-12-05 Susumu Ito , Nariya Uchida

In this letter, we report the first experimental demonstration of the recently emerged new paradigm in hovering and flapping flight physics called (Natural Hovering Extremum Seeking (NH-ES)) [doi.org/10.1103/4dm4-kc4g], which theorized that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ahmed A. Elgohary , Rohan Palanikumar , Simone Martini , Sameh A. Eisa

Birds, bats and many insects can tuck their wings against their bodies at rest and deploy them to power flight. Whereas birds and bats use well-developed pectoral and wing muscles and tendons, how insects control these movements remains…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-08-12 Hoang-Vu Phan , Hoon Cheol Park , Dario Floreano

Flying animals possess highly complex physical characteristics and are capable of performing agile maneuvers using their wings. The flapping wings generate complex wake structures that influence the aerodynamic forces, which can be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Eric Sihite , Paul Ghanem , Adarsh Salagame , Alireza Ramezani

Collective motion of bird flocks can be explained via the hypothesis of many wrongs, and/or, a structured leadership mechanism. In pigeons, previous studies have shown that there is a well-defined hierarchical structure and certain specific…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-03 Xiao-Ke Xu , Graciano Dieck Kattas , Michael Small

Natural fliers like bats exploit the complex fluid-structure interaction between their flexible membrane wings and the air with great ease. Yet, replicating and scaling the balance between the structural and fluid-dynamical parameters of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-08-23 Alexander Gehrke , Jules Richeux , Esra Uksul , Karen Mulleners

Inspired by the wake-surfing nature of animals, this study aims to understand the aerodynamic force variation on a wing surfing in an unsteady 2-D wake. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and force…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-12-11 Siyang Hao , Kenneth Breuer

Insect wings can undergo significant deformation during flapping motion owing to inertial, elastic and aerodynamic forces. Changes in shape then alter aerodynamic forces, resulting in a fully coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)…

Birds exhibit a variety of flight styles, primarily classified as flapping, which is characterized by rapid up-and-down wing movements, and soaring, which involves gliding with wings outstretched. Each species usually performs specific…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-18 Yukino Kawai , Tatsuya Hisada , Kozue Shiomi , Momoko Hayamizu

Birds in a flock move in a correlated way, resulting in large polarization of velocities. A good understanding of this collective behavior exists for linear motion of the flock. Yet observing actual birds, the center of mass of the group…

Flapping animal flight is often modeled as a combined pitching and heaving motion in order to investigate the unsteady flow structures and resulting forces that could augment the animal's lift and propulsive capabilities. This work isolates…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-12 Jennifer A. Franck , Kenneth Breuer

We bound the time it takes for a group of birds to reach steady state in a standard flocking model. We prove that (i) within single exponential time fragmentation ceases and each bird settles on a fixed flying direction; (ii) the flocking…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2009-05-27 Bernard Chazelle

While dragonflies are highly agile flyers, some key aerodynamic mechanisms responsible for their flight performance remain inadequately understood. Based on forward flight conditions, we investigate dragonfliess spanwise aerodynamic…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2016-12-19 Csaba Hefler , Huihe Qiu , Wei Shyy

The secret to the spectacular flight capabilities of flapping insects lies in their wings, which are often approximated as flat, rigid plates. Real wings are however delicate structures, composed of veins and membranes, and can undergo…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-02-21 Hung Truong , Thomas Engels , Dmitry Kolomenskiy , Kai Schneider