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In the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), counterfactual examples explain to a user the predictions of a trained decision model by indicating the modifications to be made to the instance so as to change its associated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Thibault Laugel , Adulam Jeyasothy , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

Counterfactual Explanation (CE) techniques have garnered attention as a means to provide insights to the users engaging with AI systems. While extensively researched in domains such as medical imaging and autonomous vehicles, Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Mario Alfonso Prado-Romero , Bardh Prenkaj , Giovanni Stilo

Currently, there is a significant amount of research being conducted in the field of artificial intelligence to improve the explainability and interpretability of deep learning models. It is found that if end-users understand the reason for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Niloofar Ranjbar , Saeedeh Momtazi , MohammadMehdi Homayounpour

Counterfactual explanations for machine learning models are used to find minimal interventions to the feature values such that the model changes the prediction to a different output or a target output. A valid counterfactual explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Shravan Kumar Sajja , Sumanta Mukherjee , Satyam Dwivedi

The Core Imaging Library (CIL) is an open-source versatile Python framework for solving inverse problems with special emphasis on imaging applications such as computed tomography (CT), using a plug-in architecture for data and operators,…

Counterfactual Explanations are becoming a de-facto standard in post-hoc interpretable machine learning. For a given classifier and an instance classified in an undesired class, its counterfactual explanation corresponds to small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Veronica Piccialli , Dolores Romero Morales , Cecilia Salvatore

The imminent need to interpret the output of a Machine Learning model with counterfactual (CF) explanations - via small perturbations to the input - has been notable in the research community. Although the variety of CF examples is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kleopatra Markou , Dimitrios Tomaras , Vana Kalogeraki , Dimitrios Gunopulos

Visual counterfactual explainers (VCEs) are a straightforward and promising approach to enhancing the transparency of image classifiers. VCEs complement other types of explanations, such as feature attribution, by revealing the specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sidney Bender , Jan Herrmann , Klaus-Robert Müller , Grégoire Montavon

The continued improvements in the predictive accuracy of machine learning models have allowed for their widespread practical application. Yet, many decisions made with seemingly accurate models still require verification by domain experts.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Oscar Gomez , Steffen Holter , Jun Yuan , Enrico Bertini

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) provide an intuitive way to understand recommender systems by identifying minimal modifications to user-item interactions that alter recommendation outcomes. Existing CE methods for recommender systems,…

In this paper we suggest NICE: a new algorithm to generate counterfactual explanations for heterogeneous tabular data. The design of our algorithm specifically takes into account algorithmic requirements that often emerge in real-life…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Dieter Brughmans , Pieter Leyman , David Martens

PyCPL provides full access to ESO's Common Pipeline Library ( CPL) for astronomical data reduction within a Python environment. Not only does it offer a Python interface to the robust CPL library, but it also lets users and developers fully…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-03 Mrunmayi S. Deshpande , Nuria P. F. Lorente , Anthony Horton , Brent Miszalski , Ralf Palsa , Lars Lundin , Anthony Heng , Aidan Farrell

Currently, machine learning is widely used across various domains, including time series data analysis. However, some machine learning models function as black boxes, making interpretability a critical concern. One approach to address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Keita Kinjo

A key challenge facing natural language interfaces is enabling users to understand the capabilities of the underlying system. We propose a novel approach for generating explanations of a natural language interface based on semantic parsing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 George Tolkachev , Stephen Mell , Steve Zdancewic , Osbert Bastani

Post-hoc explainability methods aim to clarify predictions of black-box machine learning models. However, it is still largely unclear how well users comprehend the provided explanations and whether these increase the users ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Anahid Jalali , Bernhard Haslhofer , Simone Kriglstein , Andreas Rauber

In recent years, there has been an explosion of AI research on counterfactual explanations as a solution to the problem of eXplainable AI (XAI). These explanations seem to offer technical, psychological and legal benefits over other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Mark T Keane , Eoin M Kenny , Eoin Delaney , Barry Smyth

Recently, eXplainable AI (XAI) research has focused on counterfactual explanations as post-hoc justifications for AI-system decisions (e.g. a customer refused a loan might be told: If you asked for a loan with a shorter term, it would have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Saugat Aryal , Mark T Keane

As machine learning models grow more complex and their applications become more high-stakes, tools for explaining model predictions have become increasingly important. This has spurred a flurry of research in model explainability and has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Yang Liu , Sujay Khandagale , Colin White , Willie Neiswanger

Counterfactual explanations have substantially increased in popularity in the past few years as a useful human-centric way of understanding individual black-box model predictions. While several properties desired of high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Shubham Sharma , Alan H. Gee , Jette Henderson , Joydeep Ghosh

Deep Learning systems excel in complex tasks but often lack transparency, limiting their use in critical applications. Counterfactual explanations, a core tool within eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), offer insights into model…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Mario Refoyo , David Luengo