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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely studied quantum cryptographic model that exploits quantum effects to achieve information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD contains public classical post-processing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Zixuan Hu , Zhenyu Li

Endogenous security in next-generation wireless communication systems attracts increasing attentions in recent years. A typical solution to endogenous security problems is the quantum key distribution (QKD), where unconditional security can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Shouye Miao , Renzhi Yuan , Bin Cao , Mufei Zhao , Zhifeng Wang , Mugen Peng

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a theoretically secure method to share secret keys, yet practical implementations face challenges due to noise and loss over long-distance channels. Traditional QKD protocols require extensive noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Hannah Seabrook , Emilien Lavie , Teodor Strömberg , Matthew P. Stafford , Giulia Rubino

When the 4-state or the 6-state protocol of quantum cryptography is carried out on a noisy (i.e. realistic) quantum channel, then the raw key has to be processed to reduce the information of an adversary Eve down to an arbitrarily low…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 N. Gisin , S. Wolf

The promise of unconditional security in the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) depends on the availability of an authenticated classical channel. However, practical implementations often overlook this requirement or rely on computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-Kuwari

We report successful joint operation of quantum and classical communications with shared hardware. Leveraging information learned from the classical DSP, low-noise quantum communications (0.009 SNU at 15 km) compatible with 15 Mbit/s QKD is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-15 Raphaël Aymeric , Yves Jaouën , Cédric Ware , Romain Alléaume

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a potential protocol for long distance secure communication, overcoming the rate-distance limitations of conventional quantum key distribution without requiring trusted repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Syed M. Arslan , Syed Shahmir , Noureldin Mohammad , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muataz Alhussein

Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, such as E91 and BBM92, offer strong information-theoretic security and are naturally suited for satellite-to-satellite QKD (SatQKD) links. However, implementing these protocols…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-27 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Mazen Hasna , Saif Al-Kuwari , Khalid Qaraqe

Quantum channels describe subsystem or open system evolution. Using the classical Koopman operator that evolves functions on phase space, 4 classical Koopman channels are identified that are analogs of the 4 possible quantum channels in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Bidhi Vijaywargia , Arul Lakshminarayan

In this paper we explore how recent technologies can improve the security of optical networks. In particular, we study how to use quantum key distribution (QKD) in common optical network infrastructures and propose a method to overcome its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-16 David Elkouss , Jesus Martinez-Mateo , Alex Ciurana , Vicente Martin

The accelerating digitalization and decentralization of modern power systems expose critical communication infrastructures to escalating cyber risks, particularly under emerging quantum computing threats. This paper presents an integrated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Ziqing Zhu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial component for truly secure communication, which enables to analyze leakage of information due to eavesdropper attacks. While impressive progress was made in the field of long-distance…

A critical aspect of next-generation wireless networks is the integration of quantum communications to guard against quantum computing threats to classical networks. Despite successful experimental demonstrations, integrating quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Phuc V. Trinh , Shinya Sugiura , Carlo Ottaviani , Chao Xu , Lajos Hanzo

We evaluate the performance of coherent frequency-shift keying (CFSK) alphabets for communication on quantum channels. We show that, contrarily to what previously thought, the square-root-measurement (SRM) is sub-optimal for discriminating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-21 Matteo Rosati

The idea of post-measurement coincidence pairing simplifies substantially long-distance, repeater-like quantum key distribution (QKD) by eliminating the need for tracking the differential phase of the users' lasers. However, optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-23 Chengfang Ge , Lai Zhou , Jinping Lin , Hua-Lei Yin , Qiang Zeng , Zhiliang Yuan

We consider a subcarrier wave quantum key distribution (QKD) system, where the quantum en- coding is carried by weak sidebands generated to a coherent optical beam by means of an electrooptic phase modulation. We study the security of two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-25 A. V. Kozubov , A. A. Gaidash , A. V. Gleim , G. P. Miroshnichenko , D. B. Horoshko

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a way for establishing information-theoretically secure communications. An important part of QKD technology is a high-quality random number generator (RNG) for quantum states preparation and for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-24 A. S. Trushechkin , P. A. Tregubov , E. O. Kiktenko , Y. V. Kurochkin , A. K. Fedorov

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables information-theoretic secure communication, yet its ultimate tolerance to noise and achievable transmission distance remain fundamentally constrained. We establish the maximum quantum bit error rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Stefano Pirandola

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique to establish a secret key between two parties through a quantum channel. Several QKD protocols have been proposed and implemented over optical fibers or free space links. The main challenge of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Mitali Sisodia , Omshankar , Vivek Venkataraman , Joyee Ghosh

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is the sharing of secret keys between different parties using the continuous amplitude and phase quadratures of light. There are many protocols in which different modulation schemes are…