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This paper develops a conditional independence (CI) test from a conditional density ratio (CDR) for weakly dependent data. The main contribution is presenting a closed-form expression for the estimated conditional density ratio function…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-25 Chunrong Ai , Zixuan Xu , Zheng Zhang

Conditional independence (CI) testing is a fundamental and challenging task in modern statistics and machine learning. Many modern methods for CI testing rely on powerful supervised learning methods to learn regression functions or Bayes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-31 Felipe Maia Polo , Yuekai Sun , Moulinath Banerjee

The e-BH procedure is an e-value-based multiple testing procedure that provably controls the false discovery rate (FDR) under any dependence structure between the e-values. Despite this appealing theoretical FDR control guarantee, the e-BH…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-29 Junu Lee , Zhimei Ren

Testing for the conditional independence structure in data is a fundamental and critical task in statistics and machine learning, which finds natural applications in causal discovery - a highly relevant problem to many scientific…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-03 Bao Duong , Nu Hoang , Thin Nguyen

Model-X approaches to testing conditional independence between a predictor and an outcome variable given a vector of covariates usually assume exact knowledge of the conditional distribution of the predictor given the covariates.…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-10 Ziang Niu , Abhinav Chakraborty , Oliver Dukes , Eugene Katsevich

Just in time defect prediction (JIT DP) leverages ML to identify defect-prone code commits, enabling quality assurance (QA) teams to allocate resources more efficiently by focusing on commits that are most likely to contain defects.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Xhulja Shahini , Jone Bartel , Klaus Pohl

Conventional causal discovery methods rely on centralized data, which is inconsistent with the decentralized nature of data in many real-world situations. This discrepancy has motivated the development of federated causal discovery (FCD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Loka Li , Ignavier Ng , Gongxu Luo , Biwei Huang , Guangyi Chen , Tongliang Liu , Bin Gu , Kun Zhang

Understanding the confidence with which a machine learning model classifies an input datum is an important, and perhaps under-investigated, concept. In this paper, we propose a new calibration metric, the Entropic Calibration Difference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Daniel James Sumler , Lee Devlin , Simon Maskell , Richard O. Lane

In safety-critical applications data-driven models must not only be accurate but also provide reliable uncertainty estimates. This property, commonly referred to as calibration, is essential for risk-aware decision-making. In regression a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jelke Wibbeke , Nico Schönfisch , Sebastian Rohjans , Andreas Rauh

Calibration tests based on the probability integral transform (PIT) are routinely used to assess the quality of univariate distributional forecasts. However, PIT-based calibration tests for multivariate distributional forecasts face various…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-13 Malte Knüppel , Fabian Krüger , Marc-Oliver Pohle

Conditional independence (CI) testing is a fundamental task in modern statistics and machine learning. The conditional randomization test (CRT) was recently introduced to test whether two random variables, $X$ and $Y$, are conditionally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-19 Yanfeng Yang , Shuai Li , Yingjie Zhang , Zhuoran Sun , Hai Shu , Ziqi Chen , Renming Zhang

Uncertainty in probabilistic classifiers predictions is a key concern when models are used to support human decision making, in broader probabilistic pipelines or when sensitive automatic decisions have to be taken. Studies have shown that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Nicolas Posocco , Antoine Bonnefoy

Conventional multiple testing procedures often assume hypotheses for different features are exchangeable. However, in many scientific applications, additional covariate information regarding the patterns of signals and nulls are available.…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-12 Xianyang Zhang , Jun Chen

Hybrid controlled trials (HCTs), which augment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with external controls (ECs), are increasingly receiving attention as a way to address limited power, slow accrual, and ethical concerns in clinical…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-02 Jiajun Liu , Ke Zhu , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

While significant progress has been made in specifying neural networks capable of representing uncertainty, deep networks still often suffer from overconfidence and misaligned predictive distributions. Existing approaches for measuring this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Spencer Young , Riley Sinema , Cole Edgren , Andrew Hall , Nathan Dong , Porter Jenkins

Reliable confidence estimation for the predictions is important in many safety-critical applications. However, modern deep neural networks are often overconfident for their incorrect predictions. Recently, many calibration methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Fei Zhu , Zhen Cheng , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) suffer from accuracy degradation as neural signals drift over time and vary across users, requiring frequent recalibration that limits practical deployment. We introduce EDAPT, a task- and model-agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lisa Haxel , Jaivardhan Kapoor , Ulf Ziemann , Jakob H. Macke

As causal ground truth is incredibly rare, causal discovery algorithms are commonly only evaluated on simulated data. This is concerning, given that simulations reflect preconceptions about generating processes regarding noise…

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)s are relied upon to assess new treatments, but suffer from limited power to guide personalized treatment decisions. On the other hand, observational (i.e., non-experimental) studies have large and diverse…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-07 Zeshan Hussain , Ming-Chieh Shih , Michael Oberst , Ilker Demirel , David Sontag

False discovery rate (FDR) has been widely used as an error measure in large scale multiple testing problems, but most research in the area has been focused on procedures for controlling the FDR based on independent test statistics or the…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-09-29 Weihua Tang , Cun-Hui Zhang