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Synthesis of models and strategies is a very important problem in software engineering. The main element here is checking the satisfiability of formulae expressing the specification of a system to be implemented. This paper puts forward a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Magdalena Kacprzak , Artur Niewiadomski , Wojciech Penczek

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, the first problem proven to be NP-complete, has become a fundamental challenge in computational complexity, with widespread applications in optimization and verification across many domains. Despite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Curie Kim , Carsten Portner , Mingju Liu , Steve Dai , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany , Alvaro Velasquez , Ismail Alkhouri , Cunxi Yu

The soft Dice loss (SDL) has taken a pivotal role in numerous automated segmentation pipelines in the medical imaging community. Over the last years, some reasons behind its superior functioning have been uncovered and further optimizations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zifu Wang , Teodora Popordanoska , Jeroen Bertels , Robin Lemmens , Matthew B. Blaschko

Discrete variables are common in many applications, such as probabilistic reasoning, planning and explainable AI. When symbolic reasoning techniques are brought in to bear on these applications, a standard technique for handling discrete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yaofang Zhang , Ken Zhou , Adnan Darwiche

Circuit synthesis is the task of decomposing a given logical functionality into a sequence of elementary gates. It is (depth-)optimal if it is impossible to achieve the desired functionality with even shorter circuits. Optimal synthesis is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-05 Tom Peham , Nina Brandl , Richard Kueng , Robert Wille , Lukas Burgholzer

Symbolic variants of clause distribution using decision diagrams to eliminate variables in SAT were shown to perform well on hard combinatorial instances. In this paper we revisit both existing ZDD and BDD variants of this approach. We…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Tom van Dijk , Rüdiger Ehlers , Armin Biere

The complexity of software in embedded systems has increased significantly over the last years so that software verification now plays an important role in ensuring the overall product quality. In this context, SAT-based bounded model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2009-11-20 Lucas Cordeiro , Bernd Fischer , Joao Marques-Silva

Satisfiability solvers are increasingly playing a key role in software verification, with particularly effective use in the analysis of security vulnerabilities. String processing is a key part of many software applications, such as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-03-17 Susmit Jha , Sanjit A. Seshia , Rhishikesh Limaye

Clausal proofs have become a popular approach to validate the results of SAT solvers. However, validating clausal proofs in the most widely supported format (DRAT) is expensive even in highly optimized implementations. We present a new…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Luís Cruz-Filipe , Marijn Heule , Warren Hunt , Matt Kaufmann , Peter Schneider-Kamp

Sound Source Localization (SSL) involves estimating the Direction of Arrival (DOA) of sound sources. Since the DOA estimation output space is continuous, regression might be more suitable for DOA, offering higher precision. However, in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-30 Linfeng Feng , Xiao-Lei Zhang , Xuelong Li

Symmetry breaking is a crucial technique in modern combinatorial solving, but it is difficult to be sure it is implemented correctly. The most successful approach to deal with bugs is to make solvers certifying, so that they output not just…

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their widespread adoption in daily applications. Despite their impressive capabilities, they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, as even minor meaning-preserving changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Zixia Wang , Gaojie Jin , Jia Hu , Ronghui Mu

We introduce FRAT, a new proof format for unsatisfiable SAT problems, and its associated toolchain. Compared to DRAT, the FRAT format allows solvers to include more information in proofs to reduce the computational cost of subsequent…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Seulkee Baek , Mario Carneiro , Marijn J. H. Heule

The recently developed massively parallel satisfiability (SAT) solver HordeSAT was designed in a modular way to allow the integration of any sequential CDCL-based SAT solver in its core. We integrated the QCDCL-based quantified Boolean…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-06-15 Tomas Balyo , Florian Lonsing

Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) refers to comments in which developers explicitly acknowledge code issues, workarounds, or suboptimal solutions. SATD is known to significantly increase software maintenance effort. While extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Shahidul Islam , Md Nahidul Islam Opu , Shaowei Wang , Shaiful Chowdhury

We approach the problem of computing a $D_{3}$-synchronizing word of minimum length for a given nondeterministic automaton via its encoding as an instance of SAT and invoking a SAT solver. We also present some experimental results.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Hanan Shabana , Mikhail V. Volkov

In the last two decades, modal and description logics have been applied to numerous areas of computer science, including knowledge representation, formal verification, database theory, distributed computing and, more recently, semantic web…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Roberto Sebastiani , Michele Vescovi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) benchmarks, yet they remain highly vulnerable to minor input perturbations. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate Token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jui-Ming Yao , Hao-Yuan Chen , Zi-Xian Tang , Bing-Jia Tan , Sheng-Wei Peng , Bing-Cheng Xie , Shun-Feng Su

This paper describes one objective function for learning semantically coherent feature embeddings in multi-output classification problems, i.e., when the response variables have dimension higher than one. In particular, we consider the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Hugo Proença , Ehsan Yaghoubi , Pendar Alirezazadeh

Prompting and in-context learning (ICL) have become efficient learning paradigms for large language models (LLMs). However, LLMs suffer from prompt brittleness and various bias factors in the prompt, including but not limited to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Han Zhou , Xingchen Wan , Lev Proleev , Diana Mincu , Jilin Chen , Katherine Heller , Subhrajit Roy