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Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across various natural language processing tasks. Serving LLM inference for generating long contents, however, poses a challenge due to the enormous memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Wonbeom Lee , Jungi Lee , Junghwan Seo , Jaewoong Sim

While many advanced LLMs are designed to handle long sequence data, we can still observe notable quality degradation even within the sequence limit. In this work, we introduce a novel approach called Scaling to Emphasize Attention for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Changhun Lee , Minsang Seok , Jun-gyu Jin , Younghyun Cho , Eunhyeok Park

Memory consumption of the Key-Value (KV) cache represents a major bottleneck for efficient large language model inference. While attention-score-based KV cache pruning shows promise, it faces critical practical limitations: attention scores…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Alessio Devoto , Maximilian Jeblick , Simon Jégou

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

A core bottleneck in large language model (LLM) inference is the cost of attending over the ever-growing key-value (KV) cache. Although near-oracle top-k KV selection can preserve the quality of dense attention while sharply reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yifei Gao , Lei Wang , Rong-Cheng Tu , Qixin Zhang , Jun Cheng , Dacheng Tao

As long-context language modeling becomes increasingly important, the cost of maintaining and attending to large Key/Value (KV) caches grows rapidly, becoming a major bottleneck in both training and inference. While prior works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu , Ben Lengerich , Ying Nian Wu

We demonstrate that unstructured sparsity significantly improves KV cache compression for LLMs, enabling sparsity levels up to 70% without compromising accuracy or requiring fine-tuning. We conduct a systematic exploration of pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Donghyeon Joo , Helya Hosseini , Ramyad Hadidi , Bahar Asgari

Large language model (LLM) based agentic workflows have become a popular paradigm for coordinating multiple specialized agents to solve complex tasks. To improve serving efficiency, existing LLM systems employ prefix caching to reuse…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zaifeng Pan , Ajjkumar Patel , Zhengding Hu , Yipeng Shen , Yue Guan , Wan-Lu Li , Lianhui Qin , Yida Wang , Yufei Ding

Large language models (LLMs) have excelled in various applications, yet serving them at scale is challenging due to their substantial resource demands and high latency. Our real-world studies reveal that over 70% of user requests to LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yifan Yu , Yu Gan , Nikhil Sarda , Lillian Tsai , Jiaming Shen , Yanqi Zhou , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Fan Lai , Henry M. Levy , David Culler

Scene understanding is one of the core tasks in computer vision, aiming to extract semantic information from images to identify objects, scene categories, and their interrelationships. Although advancements in Vision-Language Models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingyao Wang , Yiming Chen , Lingyu Si , Changwen Zheng

As large language models (LLMs) continue to support increasingly longer contexts, the memory demand for key-value (KV) caches during decoding grows rapidly, becoming a critical bottleneck in both GPU memory capacity and PCIe bandwidth.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Feiyu Yao , Qian Wang

Large Language Model-based generative recommendation (LLMRec) has achieved notable success, but it suffers from high inference latency due to massive computational overhead and memory pressure of KV Cache. Existing KV Cache reduction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Chaoqun Yang , Xinyu Lin , Wenjie Wang , Yongqi Li , Teng Sun , Xianjing Han , Tat-Seng Chua

Inference-time scaling trades efficiency for increased reasoning accuracy by generating longer or more parallel sequences. However, in Transformer LLMs, generation cost is bottlenecked by the size of the key-value (KV) cache, rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Adrian Łańcucki , Konrad Staniszewski , Piotr Nawrot , Edoardo M. Ponti

Key-value (KV) caching has emerged as a crucial optimization technique for accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs). By allowing the attention operation to scale linearly rather than quadratically with the total sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Gopi Krishna Jha , Sameh Gobriel , Liubov Talamanova , Nilesh Jain

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various tasks, yet they often struggle with context-faithfulness generations that properly reflect contextual knowledge. While existing approaches focus on enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xiaowei Yuan , Zhao Yang , Ziyang Huang , Yequan Wang , Siqi Fan , Yiming Ju , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

The integration of visual information into Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), but the quadratic memory and computational costs of Transformer architectures remain a bottleneck. Existing KV cache eviction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xindian Ma , Yidi Lu , Peng Zhang , Jing Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) enable long-context tasks but face efficiency challenges due to the growing key-value (KV) cache. We propose LeanK, a learning-based method that prunes unimportant key (K) cache channels by leveraging static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yike Zhang , Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Chengruidong Zhang , Yuqing Yang , Jianyong Wang , Lili Qiu

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caching to avoid redundant computation during autoregressive inference. While this mechanism greatly improves efficiency, the cache size grows linearly with the input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Jinwoo Ahn , Ingyu Seong , Akhil Kedia , Junhan Kim , Hyemi Jang , Kangwook Lee , Yongkweon Jeon

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in processing long contexts, enabling them to tackle tasks involving long textual inputs such as multi-turn conversations, legal documents, or retrieved documents in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yuechi Zhou , Yi Su , Jianxin Zhang , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Zhefeng Wang , Xinyu Duan , Baoxing Huai
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