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Recent incidents with autonomous vehicles highlight the need for rigorous testing to ensure safety and robustness. Constructing test scenarios for autonomous driving systems (ADSs), however, is labor-intensive. We propose TARGET, an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yao Deng , Jiaohong Yao , Zhi Tu , Xi Zheng , Mengshi Zhang , Tianyi Zhang

Ensuring the safety of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) requires realistic and reproducible test scenarios, yet extracting such scenarios from multimodal crash reports remains a major challenge. Large Language Models (LLMs) often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Siwei Luo , Yang Zhang , Yao Deng , Linfeng Liang , Xi Zheng

Designing diverse and safety-critical driving scenarios is essential for evaluating autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for few-shot code generation to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yongjie Fu , Ruijian Zha , Pei Tian , Xuan Di

While the ASAM OpenSCENARIO 2.1 Domain-Specific Language (DSL) enables declarative, intent-driven authoring for Scenario-Based Testing (SBT), its integration into open-source simulators like CARLA remains limited by legacy parsers. We…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Thoshitha Gamage , Lasanthi Gamage

The advent of Large Language Models (LLM) provides new insights to validate Automated Driving Systems (ADS). In the herein-introduced work, a novel approach to extracting scenarios from naturalistic driving datasets is presented. A…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yongqi Zhao , Wenbo Xiao , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) increasingly rely on learning-based perception, yet safety-relevant failures often arise without component malfunction, driven instead by partial observability and semantic ambiguity in how risk is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jean Douglas Carvalho , Hugo Taciro Kenji , Ahmad Mohammad Saber , Glaucia Melo , Max Mauro Dias Santos , Deepa Kundur

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) must be validated prior to large-scale deployment. Among existing validation approaches, scenario-based testing has been regarded as a promising method to improve testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yongqi Zhao , Ji Zhou , Dong Bi , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

We present ChatScene, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based agent that leverages the capabilities of LLMs to generate safety-critical scenarios for autonomous vehicles. Given unstructured language instructions, the agent first generates…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jiawei Zhang , Chejian Xu , Bo Li

Ensuring the safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) remains a critical challenge, as traditional verification methods such as large-scale on-road testing are prohibitively costly and time-consuming.To address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ji Zhou , Yongqi Zhao , Yixian Hu , Hexuan Li , Zhengguo Gu , Nan Xu , Arno Eichberger

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) require diverse and safety-critical traffic scenarios for effective training and testing, but the existing data generation methods struggle to provide flexibility and scalability. We propose LASER, a novel…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Hao Gao , Jingyue Wang , Wenyang Fang , Jingwei Xu , Yunpeng Huang , Taolue Chen , Xiaoxing Ma

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are safety-critical and require comprehensive testing before their deployment on public roads. While existing testing approaches primarily aim at the criticality of scenarios, they often overlook the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Lei Lei , Yuan Zhou , Yinxing Xue

In recent years, autonomous driving systems have made significant progress, yet ensuring their safety remains a key challenge. To this end, scenario-based testing offers a practical solution, and simulation-based methods have gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jiahui Wu , Chengjie Lu , Aitor Arrieta , Shaukat Ali

With the rapid advancement of deep learning and related technologies, Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) have made significant progress and are gradually being widely applied in safety-critical fields. However, numerous accident reports show…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Pin Ji , Yang Feng , Zongtai Li , Xiangchi Zhou , Jia Liu , Jun Sun , Zhihong Zhao

Autonomous driving (AD) testing constitutes a critical methodology for assessing performance benchmarks prior to product deployment. The creation of segmented scenarios within a simulated environment is acknowledged as a robust and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Xuan Cai , Xuesong Bai , Zhiyong Cui , Danmu Xie , Daocheng Fu , Haiyang Yu , Yilong Ren

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are paramount, necessitating rigorous testing methodologies to uncover potential failures before deployment. Traditional testing approaches often prioritize either natural…

Safety testing serves as the fundamental pillar for the development of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). To ensure the safety of ADSs, it is paramount to generate a diverse range of safety-critical test scenarios. While existing ADS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Haoxiang Tian , Xingshuo Han , Yuan Zhou , Guoquan Wu , An Guo , Mingfei Cheng , Shuo Li , Jun Wei , Tianwei Zhang

Scenario simulation is central to testing autonomous driving systems. Scenic, a domain-specific language (DSL) for CARLA, enables precise and reproducible scenarios, but NL-to-Scenic generation with large language models (LLMs) suffers from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Philipp Bauerfeind , Amir Salarpour , David Fernandez , Pedram MohajerAnsari , Johannes Reschke , Mert D. Pesé

Ensuring the functional correctness and safety of autonomous vehicles is a major challenge for the automotive industry. However, exhaustive physical test drives are not feasible, as billions of driven kilometers would be required to obtain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Barbara Schuett , Thilo Braun , Stefan Otten , Eric Sax

The manual design of scenarios for Air Traffic Control (ATC) training is a demanding and time-consuming bottleneck that limits the diversity of simulations available to controllers. To address this, we introduce a novel, end-to-end…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Dewi Sid William Gould , George De Ath , Ben Carvell , Nick Pepper

Simulation-based testing is crucial for validating autonomous vehicles (AVs), yet existing scenario generation methods either overfit to common driving patterns or operate in an offline, non-interactive manner that fails to expose rare,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Yuewen Mei , Tong Nie , Jian Sun , Ye Tian
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