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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), the third generation neural networks, are known for their low energy consumption and high robustness. SNNs are developing rapidly and can compete with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in many fields. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Lingxin Jin , Meiyu Lin , Wei Jiang , Jinyu Zhan

As Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) gain traction across various applications, understanding their security vulnerabilities becomes increasingly important. In this work, we focus on the adversarial attacks, which is perhaps the most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Spyridon Raptis , Haralampos-G. Stratigopoulos

Neuromorphic data carries information in spatio-temporal patterns encoded by spikes. Accordingly, a central problem in neuromorphic computing is training spiking neural networks (SNNs) to reproduce spatio-temporal spiking patterns in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Bleema Rosenfeld , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) compute with discrete spikes and exploit temporal structure, yet most adversarial attacks change intensities or event counts instead of timing. We study a timing-only adversary that retimes existing spikes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yi Yu , Qixin Zhang , Shuhan Ye , Xun Lin , Qianshan Wei , Kun Wang , Wenhan Yang , Dacheng Tao , Xudong Jiang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising in a bio-plausible coding for spatio-temporal information and event-driven signal processing, which is very suited for energy-efficient implementation in neuromorphic hardware. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Hanle Zheng , Yujie Wu , Lei Deng , Yifan Hu , Guoqi Li

While spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising neurally-inspired model of computation, they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. We present the first study that draws inspiration from neural homeostasis to design a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Hejia Geng , Peng Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged with promising energy-efficient property, yet a substantial performance gap persists compared to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This gap stems from at least two key limitations: first,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Feifan Zhou , Xiang Wei , Yang Liu , Qiang Yu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer low-latency and energy-efficient decision making on neuromorphic hardware, making them attractive for Reinforcement Learning (RL) in resource-constrained edge devices. However, most RL algorithms for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zijie Xu , Tong Bu , Zecheng Hao , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu

Biologically-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), processing information using discrete-time events known as spikes rather than continuous values, have garnered significant attention due to their hardware-friendly and energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Bin Lei , Sheng Lin , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao , Caiwen Ding

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are widely applied in various fields due to their energy-efficient and fast-inference capabilities. Applying SNNs to reinforcement learning (RL) can significantly reduce the computational resource requirements…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Lang Qin , Ziming Wang , Runhao Jiang , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs), in virtue of their high biological plausibility, rich spatial-temporal dynamics, and event-driven computation. The direct…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Chenlin Zhou , Han Zhang , Liutao Yu , Yumin Ye , Zhaokun Zhou , Liwei Huang , Zhengyu Ma , Xiaopeng Fan , Huihui Zhou , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have attracted substantial interest due to their potential to replicate the energy-efficient and event-driven processing of biological neurons. Despite this, the application of SNNs in graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Mingkun Xu , Huifeng Yin , Yujie Wu , Guoqi Li , Faqiang Liu , Jing Pei , Shuai Zhong , Lei Deng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are mathematical models in neuroscience to describe the dynamics among a set of neurons that interact with each other by firing instantaneous signals, a.k.a., spikes. Interestingly, a recent advance in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Chi-Ning Chou , Kai-Min Chung , Chi-Jen Lu

Due to their proven efficiency, machine-learning systems are deployed in a wide range of complex real-life problems. More specifically, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emerged as a promising solution to the accuracy, resource-utilization,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Valerio Venceslai , Alberto Marchisio , Ihsen Alouani , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alex Fulleda-Garcia , Saray Soldado-Magraner , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé

Binary Spiking Neural Networks (BSNNs) offer promising efficiency advantages for resource-constrained computing. However, their training algorithms often require substantial memory overhead due to latent weights storage and temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yu Liang , Yu Yang , Wenjie Wei , Ammar Belatreche , Shuai Wang , Malu Zhang , Yang Yang

Drawing on the intricate structures of the brain, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emerge as a transformative development in artificial intelligence, closely emulating the complex dynamics of biological neural networks. While SNNs show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Yanchen Li , Jiachun Li , Kebin Sun , Luziwei Leng , Ran Cheng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have demonstrated excellent capabilities in various intelligent scenarios. Most existing methods for training SNNs are based on the concept of synaptic plasticity; however, learning in the realistic brain also…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Hongze Sun , Wuque Cai , Baoxin Yang , Yan Cui , Yang Xia , Dezhong Yao , Daqing Guo