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Are Capture-the-Flag competitions obsolete? In 2025, Cybersecurity AI (CAI) systematically conquered some of the world's most prestigious hacking competitions, achieving Rank #1 at multiple events and consistently outperforming thousands of…
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions serve as gateways into offensive cybersecurity, yet they often present steep barriers for novices due to complex toolchains and opaque workflows. Recently, agentic AI frameworks for cybersecurity promise…
Large language models are rapidly changing how learners acquire and demonstrate cybersecurity skills. However, when human--AI collaboration is allowed, educators still lack validated competition designs and evaluation practices that remain…
Cybersecurity training has become a crucial part of computer science education and industrial onboarding. Capture the Flag (CTF) competitions have emerged as a valuable, gamified approach for developing and refining the skills of…
Team collaboration among individuals with diverse sets of expertise and skills is essential for solving complex problems. As part of an interdisciplinary effort, we studied the effects of Capture the Flag (CTF) game, a popular and engaging…
Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges are puzzles related to computer security scenarios. With the advent of large language models (LLMs), more and more CTF participants are using LLMs to understand and solve the challenges. However, so far no…
By 2028 most cybersecurity actions will be autonomous, with humans teleoperating. We present the first classification of autonomy levels in cybersecurity and introduce Cybersecurity AI (CAI), an open-source framework that democratizes…
Understanding how cognitive biases influence adversarial decision-making is essential for developing effective cyber defenses. Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions provide an ecologically valid testbed to study attacker behavior at scale,…
We empirically evaluate whether AI systems are more effective at attacking or defending in cybersecurity. Using CAI (Cybersecurity AI)'s parallel execution framework, we deployed autonomous agents in 23 Attack/Defense CTF battlegrounds.…
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions are crucial for cybersecurity education and training. As large language models (LLMs) evolve, there is increasing interest in their ability to automate CTF challenge solving. For example, DARPA has…
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is advancing at an unprecedented pace, with clear potential to enhance decision-making and productivity. Yet, the collaborative decision-making process between humans and AI remains underdeveloped, often falling…
Current societal challenges exceed the capacity of humans operating either alone or collectively. As AI evolves, its role within human collectives will vary from an assistive tool to a participatory member. Humans and AI possess…
The crowd sourced security industry, particularly bug bounty programs, has grown dramatically over the past years and has become the main source of software security reviews for many companies. However, the academic literature has largely…
As AI systems become increasingly capable, understanding their offensive cyber potential is critical for informed governance and responsible deployment. However, it's hard to accurately bound their capabilities, and some prior evaluations…
The objective of this work is to evaluate multi-agent artificial intelligence methods when deployed on teams of unmanned surface vehicles (USV) in an adversarial environment. Autonomous agents were evaluated in real-world scenarios using…
We explore the potential for productive team-based collaboration between humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI) by presenting and conducting initial tests with a general framework that enables multiple human and AI agents to work together…
Problems of cooperation--in which agents seek ways to jointly improve their welfare--are ubiquitous and important. They can be found at scales ranging from our daily routines--such as driving on highways, scheduling meetings, and working…
As modern video games become increasingly complex, traditional manual testing methods are proving costly and inefficient, limiting the ability to ensure high-quality game experiences. While advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offer…
Operational Technology (OT) cybersecurity increasingly relies on rapid response across malware analysis, network forensics, and reverse engineering disciplines. We examine the performance of Cybersecurity AI (CAI), powered by the…
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in…