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AI agents that autonomously interact with external tools and environments have shown great promise across real-world applications. However, their reliance on external data exposes them to serious indirect prompt injection attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hao Li , Ruoyao Wen , Shanghao Shi , Ning Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Chaowei Xiao

The increasing adoption of LLM agents with access to numerous tools and sensitive data significantly widens the attack surface for indirect prompt injections. Due to the context-dependent nature of attacks, however, current defenses are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Debeshee Das , Luca Beurer-Kellner , Marc Fischer , Maximilian Baader

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, representing the most significant security threat in production deployments. We present Prompt Fencing, a novel architectural approach that applies cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Steven Peh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, from virtual assistants to autonomous agents. However, their flexibility also introduces new attack vectors-particularly Prompt Injection (PI), where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Mengxiao Wang , Yuxuan Zhang , Guofei Gu

A high volume of recent ML security literature focuses on attacks against aligned large language models (LLMs). These attacks may extract private information or coerce the model into producing harmful outputs. In real-world deployments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ang Li , Yin Zhou , Vethavikashini Chithrra Raghuram , Tom Goldstein , Micah Goldblum

Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed in interactive contexts with direct user engagement, such as chatbots and writing assistants. These deployments are vulnerable to prompt injection and jailbreaking (collectively, prompt hacking), in…

Large language models (LLMs) and their applications, such as agents, are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks. State-of-the-art prompt injection detection methods have the following limitations: (1) their effectiveness degrades…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yanting Wang , Wei Zou , Runpeng Geng , Jinyuan Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen rapid adoption in recent years, with industries increasingly relying on them to maintain a competitive advantage. These models excel at interpreting user instructions and generating human-like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Andrew Yeo , Daeseon Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic systems that interact with an untrusted environment. However, LLM agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks when handling untrusted data. In this paper we propose…

Recent AI systems combine large language models with tools, external knowledge via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and even autonomous multi-agent decision loops. This agentic AI paradigm greatly expands capabilities - but also vastly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ali Dehghantanha , Sajad Homayoun

The acquisition of agentic capabilities has transformed LLMs from "knowledge providers" to "action executors", a trend that while expanding LLMs' capability boundaries, significantly increases their susceptibility to malicious use. Previous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jinchuan Zhang , Lu Yin , Yan Zhou , Songlin Hu

Natural language interfaces to structured databases are becoming increasingly common, largely due to advances in large language models (LLMs) that enable users to query data using conversational input rather than formal query languages such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Reusable skills let LLM agents package task-specific procedures, tool affordances, and execution guidance into modular building blocks. As skill ecosystems grow to tens of thousands of entries, exposing every skill at inference time becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 YanZhao Zheng , ZhenTao Zhang , Chao Ma , YuanQiang Yu , JiHuai Zhu , Yong Wu , Tianze Xu , Baohua Dong , Hangcheng Zhu , Ruohui Huang , Gang Yu

Customer-service LLM agents increasingly make policy-bound decisions (refunds, rebooking, billing disputes), but the same ``helpful'' interaction style can be exploited: a small fraction of users can induce unauthorized concessions,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Jingyu Zhang

Modern AI agents execute real-world side effects through tool calls such as file operations, shell commands, HTTP requests, and database queries. A single unsafe action, including accidental deletion, credential exposure, or data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chenglin Yang

The prevalent deployment of Large Language Model agents such as OpenClaw unlocks potential in real-world applications, while amplifying safety concerns. Among these concerns, the self-replication risk of LLM agents driven by objective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Boxuan Zhang , Yi Yu , Jiaxuan Guo , Jing Shao

Current evaluations of tool-integrated LLM agents typically focus on end-to-end tool-usage evaluation while neglecting their stability. This limits their real-world applicability, as various internal or external factors can cause agents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Weimin Xiong , Ke Wang , Yifan Song , Hanchao Liu , Sai Zhou , Wei Peng , Sujian Li

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents are an emerging computing paradigm that blends generative machine learning with tools such as code interpreters, web browsing, email, and more generally, external resources. These agent-based systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Xiaohan Fu , Shuheng Li , Zihan Wang , Yihao Liu , Rajesh K. Gupta , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Earlence Fernandes

When large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed to automate tasks and interact with untrusted external data, prompt injection emerges as a significant security threat. By injecting malicious instructions into the data that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yizhu Wang , Sizhe Chen , Raghad Alkhudair , Basel Alomair , David Wagner

Agent skills provide a lightweight way to adapt LLM agents to specialized domains by storing reusable procedural knowledge in structured files. However, whether downloaded from third parties or self-generated, these skills are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hanyu Wang , Yifan Lan , Bochuan Cao , Lu Lin , Jinghui Chen
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