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Treatment effect estimates are often available from randomized controlled trials as a single average treatment effect for a certain patient population. Estimates of the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) are more useful for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-12 Wouter A. C. van Amsterdam , Rajesh Ranganath

Randomized controlled experiment has long been accepted as the golden standard for establishing causal link and estimating causal effect in various scientific fields. Average treatment effect is often used to summarize the effect…

Applications · Statistics 2016-10-14 Alex Deng , Pengchuan Zhang , Shouyuan Chen , Dong Woo Kim , Jiannan Lu

This paper proposes a Workflow for Assessing Treatment effeCt Heterogeneity (WATCH) in clinical drug development targeted at clinical trial sponsors. WATCH is designed to address the challenges of investigating treatment effect…

Consider the problem of improving the estimation of conditional average treatment effects (CATE) for a target domain of interest by leveraging related information from a source domain with a different feature space. This heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Ioana Bica , Mihaela van der Schaar

In most medical research, the average treatment effect is used to evaluate a treatment's performance. However, precision medicine requires knowledge of individual treatment effects: What is the difference between a unit's measurement under…

Computation · Statistics 2022-08-30 Mingyang Cai , Stef van Buuren , Gerko Vink

Heterogeneous treatment effect models allow us to compare treatments at subgroup and individual levels, and are of increasing popularity in applications like personalized medicine, advertising, and education. In this talk, we first survey…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-28 Zijun Gao , Trevor Hastie

Understanding the impact of treatment effect over time is a fundamental aspect of many scientific and medical studies. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach under a continuous-time reinforcement learning framework for testing a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Jiuchen Zhang , Annie Qu

The traditional model specification of stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials assumes a homogeneous treatment effect across time while adjusting for fixed-time effects. However, when treatment effects vary over time, the constant effect…

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often underpowered to detect treatment heterogeneity in subgroups defined by cross-classifications of multiple covariates, due to sparse sample sizes in some strata. External RCT data can help, but…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-23 Youqi Yang , Walter Dempsey , Bhramar Mukherjee

A key assumption of the differences-in-differences designs is that the average evolution of untreated potential outcomes is the same across different treatment cohorts: a parallel trends assumption. In this paper, we relax the parallel…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-10-10 Myungkou Shin

Online controlled experiments (a.k.a. A/B testing) have been used as the mantra for data-driven decision making on feature changing and product shipping in many Internet companies. However, it is still a great challenge to systematically…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-16 Yuxiang Xie , Nanyu Chen , Xiaolin Shi

There are many measures to report so-called treatment or causal effects: absolute difference, ratio, odds ratio, number needed to treat, and so on. The choice of a measure, e.g. absolute versus relative, is often debated because it leads to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-23 Bénédicte Colnet , Julie Josse , Gaël Varoquaux , Erwan Scornet

The heterogeneous treatment effect plays a crucial role in precision medicine.There is evidence that real-world data, even subject to biases, can be employed as supplementary evidence for randomized clinical trials to improve the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Guangcai Mao , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

Conditional average treatment effect (CATE) estimation is the de facto gold standard for targeting a treatment to a heterogeneous population. The method estimates treatment effects up to an error $\epsilon > 0$ in each of $M$ different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Sílvia Casacuberta , Moritz Hardt

Evaluating heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) across subgroups is common in both randomized trials and observational studies. Although several statistical challenges of HTE analyses including low statistical power and multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-10 Noorie Hyun , Abisola E. Idu , Andrea J. Cook , Jennifer F. Bobb

We are interested in estimating the effect of a treatment applied to individuals at multiple sites, where data is stored locally for each site. Due to privacy constraints, individual-level data cannot be shared across sites; the sites may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Ruoxuan Xiong , Allison Koenecke , Michael Powell , Zhu Shen , Joshua T. Vogelstein , Susan Athey

We study the problem of learning conditional average treatment effects (CATE) from observational data with unobserved confounders. The CATE function maps baseline covariates to individual causal effect predictions and is key for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-09 Nathan Kallus , Xiaojie Mao , Angela Zhou

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) for survival outcomes has gained increasing attention, as it captures the variation in treatment efficacy across patients or subgroups in delaying disease progression. However, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Na Bo , Ying Ding

Accurately estimating personalized treatment effects within a study site (e.g., a hospital) has been challenging due to limited sample size. Furthermore, privacy considerations and lack of resources prevent a site from leveraging…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-17 Xiaoqing Tan , Chung-Chou H. Chang , Ling Zhou , Lu Tang

Many applications of causal inference require using treatment effects estimated on a study population to make decisions in a separate target population. We consider the challenging setting where there are covariates that are observed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Khurram Yamin , Vibhhu Sharma , Ed Kennedy , Bryan Wilder