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We introduce multivariate multicycle (MM) codes, a new family of quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) that unifies bivariate bicycle, multivariate bicycle, abelian two-block group algebra, generalized bicycle, trivariate tricycle, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Feroz Ahmed Mian , Owen Gwilliam , Stefan Krastanov

We describe the popular BB84 protocol and critically examine its security proof as presented by Shor and Preskill. The proof requires the use of quantum error correcting codes called the Calderbank-Shor-Steanne (CSS) quantum codes. These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-05 Ramesh Bhandari

Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes are a class of quantum error correction codes that contains the toric code and fracton models. A procedure called foliation defines a cluster state for a given CSS code. We use the CSS chain complex and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Takuya Okuda , Aswin Parayil Mana , Hiroki Sukeno

We discuss a method to construct quantum codes correcting amplitude damping errors via code concatenation. The inner codes are chosen as asymmetric Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes. By concatenating with outer codes correcting symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-31 Tyler Jackson , Markus Grassl , Bei Zeng

In this paper we construct several new families of quantum codes with good and asymptotically good parameters. These new quantum codes are derived from (classical) algebraic geometry (AG) codes by applying the Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-09 Giuliano Gadioli La Guardia , Francisco Revson F. Pereira

After Mayers (1996, 2001) gave a proof of the security of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol, Shor and Preskill (2000) made a remarkable observation that a Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) code had been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Mitsuru Hamada

A divisible binary classical code is one in which every code word has weight divisible by a fixed integer. If the divisor is $2^\nu$ for a positive integer $\nu$, then one can construct a Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) code, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Jeongwan Haah

A theory for constructing quantum error correcting codes from Toric surfaces by the Calderbank-Shor-Steane method is presented. In particular we study the method on toric Hirzebruch surfaces. The results are obtained by constructing a…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2013-03-11 Johan P. Hansen

The CSS code construction is a powerful framework used to express features of a quantum code in terms of a pair of underlying classical codes. Its subsystem extension allows for similar expressions, but the general case has not been fully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-17 Michael Liaofan Liu , Nathanan Tantivasadakarn , Victor V. Albert

We present several results on quantum codes over general alphabets (that is, in which the fundamental units may have more than 2 states). In particular, we consider codes derived from finite symplectic geometry assumed to have additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Eric M. Rains

The gauge field formalism, or operator-valued cochain formalism, has recently emerged as a powerful framework for describing quantum Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes. In this work, we extend this framework to construct a broad class of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-20 Junichi Haruna

Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes provide a practical balance between error-correction capability and implementation complexity in quantum error correction (QEC). In this paper, we propose an algebraic construction based on…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Alessio Baldelli , Massimo Battaglioni , Jonathan Mandelbaum , Sisi Miao , Laurent Schmalen

In the implementation of quantum information systems, one type of Pauli error, such as phase-flip errors, may occur more frequently than others, like bit-flip errors. For this reason, quantum error-correcting codes that handle asymmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Lorenzo Valentini , Diego Forlivesi , Marco Chiani

Divisible codes are defined by the property that codeword weights share a common divisor greater than one. They are used to design signals for communications and sensing, and this paper explores how they can be used to protect quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-29 Jingzhen Hu , Qingzhong Liang , Robert Calderbank

Secure quantum networks are a bedrock requirement for developing a future quantum internet. However, quantum channels are susceptible to channel noise that introduce errors in the transmitted data. The traditional approach to providing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-30 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

Asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes are quantum codes defined over biased quantum channels: qubit-flip and phase-shift errors may have equal or different probabilities. The code construction is the Calderbank-Shor-Steane construction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-10 Johan P. Hansen

A conjugate code pair is defined as a pair of linear codes either of which contains the dual of the other. A conjugate code pair represents the essential structure of the corresponding Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) quantum error-correcting…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Mitsuru Hamada

We investigate the class of CSS-$T$ codes, a family of quantum error-correcting codes that allows for a transversal $T$-gate. We extend the definition of a pair of linear codes $(C_1,C_2)$, $C_i\subseteq\mathbb{F}_q^n$, forming a $q$-ary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-24 Jasper J. Postema , F. Conca , A. Ravagnani

The integration of quantum error correction codes and homomorphic encryption schemes is essential for achieving fault-tolerant secure cloud quantum computing. However, owing to the significant overheads associated with these schemes, their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 IlKwon Sohn , Boseon Kim , Kwangil Bae , Wonhyuk Lee

We give an asymptotically good family of quantum CSS codes on qubits with a transversal CCZ gate, meaning that the parallel logical CCZ on all logical qubits is performed by parallel physical CCZs on (a subset of) physical qubits. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Quynh T. Nguyen