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Large language model (LLM) agents have shown impressive capabilities in human language comprehension and reasoning, yet their potential in cybersecurity remains underexplored. We introduce DefenderBench, a practical, open-source toolkit for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Chiyu Zhang , Marc-Alexandre Cote , Michael Albada , Anush Sankaran , Jack W. Stokes , Tong Wang , Amir Abdi , William Blum , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities for leveraging artificial intelligence in a variety of application domains, including cybersecurity. As the volume and sophistication of cyber threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hanxiang Xu , Shenao Wang , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Kai Chen , Ting Yu , Yang Liu , Haoyu Wang

The large transformer-based language models demonstrate excellent performance in natural language processing. By considering the transferability of the knowledge gained by these models in one domain to other related domains, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Chandra Thapa , Seung Ick Jang , Muhammad Ejaz Ahmed , Seyit Camtepe , Josef Pieprzyk , Surya Nepal

Recent benchmark efforts have advanced the evaluation of large language models (LLMs) in cybersecurity, including tasks such as penetration testing and vulnerability identification. However, a critical cybersecurity task, namely intrusion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Danyu Sun , Jinghuai Zhang , Yuan Tian , Zhou Li

Large Language Models increasingly power critical infrastructure from healthcare to finance, yet their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation threatens system integrity and user safety. Despite growing deployment, no comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Taiwo Onitiju , Iman Vakilinia

To address the increasing complexity and frequency of cybersecurity incidents emphasized by the recent cybersecurity threat reports with over 10 billion instances, cyber threat intelligence (CTI) plays a critical role in the modern…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hangyuan Ji , Jian Yang , Linzheng Chai , Chaoren Wei , Liqun Yang , Yunlong Duan , Yunli Wang , Tianzhen Sun , Hongcheng Guo , Tongliang Li , Changyu Ren , Zhoujun Li

Recent advancements in natural language processing have highlighted the vulnerability of deep learning models to adversarial attacks. While various defence mechanisms have been proposed, there is a lack of comprehensive benchmarks that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yang Wang , Chenghua Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, code generation, and complex planning. Simultaneously, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have garnered attention for their potential to enable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Can Zheng , Yuhan Cao , Xiaoning Dong , Tianxing He

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized our comprehension of intelligence bringing us closer to Artificial Intelligence. Since their introduction, researchers have actively explored the applications of LLMs across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have become widely used for enhancing large language model capabilities, but they introduce significant security vulnerabilities through prompt injection attacks. We present a comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation relies heavily on the quality and robustness of test cases. However, existing benchmarks often lack coverage for subtle corner cases, allowing incorrect solutions to pass.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jingwei Shi , Xinxiang Yin , Jing Huang , Jinman Zhao , Shengyu Tao

Safety mechanisms for large language models (LLMs) remain predominantly English-centric, creating systematic vulnerabilities in multilingual deployment. Prior work shows that translating malicious prompts into other languages can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shirin Alanova , Bogdan Minko , Sabrina Sadiekh , Evgeniy Kokuykin

The widespread adoption of code language models in software engineering tasks has exposed vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks, especially the identifier substitution attacks. Although existing identifier substitution attackers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Wenhan Mu , Ling Xu , Shuren Pei , Le Mi , Huichi Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as educational agents for automatic short answer grading (ASAG) in real-world educational environments, significantly boosting assessment efficiency and scalability. However, when these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xueyi Li , Zhuoneng Zhou , Zitao Liu , Yongdong Wu

Language Model (LM) agents for cybersecurity that are capable of autonomously identifying vulnerabilities and executing exploits have potential to cause real-world impact. Policymakers, model providers, and researchers in the AI and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in cybersecurity applications but have also caused lower confidence due to problems like hallucinations and a lack of truthfulness. Existing benchmarks provide general evaluations but…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in offensive cybersecurity. In this paper, we reveal an interesting phenomenon: different agents exhibit distinct attack patterns. Specifically, each agent exhibits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Taein Lim , Seongyong Ju , Munhyeok Kim , Hyunjun Kim , Hoki Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results on natural language tasks, and security researchers are beginning to employ them in both offensive and defensive systems. In cyber-security, there have been multiple research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiacen Xu , Jack W. Stokes , Geoff McDonald , Xuesong Bai , David Marshall , Siyue Wang , Adith Swaminathan , Zhou Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) with safe-alignment training are powerful instruments with robust language comprehension capabilities. These models typically undergo meticulous alignment procedures involving human feedback to ensure the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Maithili Joshi , Palash Nandi , Tanmoy Chakraborty