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Spatial reasoning in vision language models (VLMs) remains fragile when semantics hinge on subtle temporal or geometric cues. We introduce a synthetic benchmark that probes two complementary skills: situational awareness (recognizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Pascal Benschop , Justin Dauwels , Jan van Gemert

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in 2D image understanding, however they are still struggling with spatial understanding which is the foundation of Embodied AI. In this paper, we propose SpatialBot for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Wenxiao Cai , Iaroslav Ponomarenko , Jianhao Yuan , Xiaoqi Li , Wankou Yang , Hao Dong , Bo Zhao

Trying to be effective (no matter who exactly and in what field) a person face the problem which inevitably destroys all our attempts to easily get to a desired goal. The problem is the existence of some insuperable barriers for our mind,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Kirill A. Sorudeykin

Vision-language models (VLMs) work well in tasks ranging from image captioning to visual question answering (VQA), yet they struggle with spatial reasoning, a key skill for understanding our physical world that humans excel at. We find that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Michael Ogezi , Freda Shi

Spatial intelligence spans a rich suite of abilities, including visualising and transforming shapes, mentally rotating objects, judging relational positions and containment, and estimating numerosity. However, it still remains a critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Shijie Lian , Changti Wu , Laurence Tianruo Yang , Hang Yuan , Bin Yu , Lei Zhang , Kai Chen

Visual commonsense reasoning (VCR) is a challenging multi-modal task, which requires high-level cognition and commonsense reasoning ability about the real world. In recent years, large-scale pre-training approaches have been developed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Cheng Yang , Rui Xu , Ye Guo , Peixiang Huang , Yiru Chen , Wenkui Ding , Zhongyuan Wang , Hong Zhou

Can multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) truly understand what they can see? Extending Searle's Chinese Room into the multi-modal domain, this paper proposes the Visual Room argument: MLLMs may describe every visual detail precisely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Haokun Li , Yazhou Zhang , Jizhi Ding , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang

Robot vision has greatly benefited from advancements in multimodal fusion techniques and vision-language models (VLMs). We adopt a task-oriented perspective to systematically review the applications and advancements of multimodal fusion…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing and demonstrated impressive capabilities in various tasks. Unfortunately, they are prone to hallucinations, where the model exposes incorrect or false information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Patrik Puchert , Poonam Poonam , Christian van Onzenoodt , Timo Ropinski

Large multimodal models (LMMs) are increasingly capable of interpreting visualizations, yet they continue to struggle with spatial reasoning. One proposed strategy is decomposition, which breaks down complex visualizations into structured…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jeongah Lee , Ali Sarvghad

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Large vision-language models (VLMs) still struggle with reliable 3D spatial reasoning, a core capability for embodied and physical AI systems. This limitation arises from their inability to capture fine-grained 3D geometry and spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jian Zhang , Shijie Zhou , Bangya Liu , Achuta Kadambi , Zhiwen Fan

Human reasoning relies on constructing and manipulating mental models -- simplified internal representations of situations used to understand and solve problems. Conceptual diagrams (e.g., a sketch drawn to aid reasoning) externalize these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Roei Herzig , Eduard Oks , Trevor Darrell , Rogerio Feris , Leonid Karlinsky

Current state-of-the-art spatial reasoning-enhanced VLMs are trained to excel at spatial visual question answering (VQA). However, we believe that higher-level 3D-aware tasks, such as articulating dynamic scene changes and motion planning,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Chenyang Ma , Kai Lu , Ta-Ying Cheng , Niki Trigoni , Andrew Markham

Cross-view spatial reasoning is essential for embodied AI, underpinning spatial understanding, mental simulation and planning in complex environments. Existing benchmarks primarily emphasize indoor or street settings, overlooking the unique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Haotian Xu , Yue Hu , Zhengqiu Zhu , Chen Gao , Ziyou Wang , Junreng Rao , Wenhao Lu , Weishi Li , Quanjun Yin , Yong Li

With the rapid progress of Multimodal LLMs, evaluating their mathematical reasoning capabilities has become an increasingly important research direction. In particular, visual-textual mathematical reasoning serves as a key indicator of an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hao Liang , Linzhuang Sun , Minxuan Zhou , Zirong Chen , Meiyi Qiang , Mingan Lin , Tianpeng Li , Fan Yang , Zenan Zhou , Wentao Zhang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown remarkable performance in integrating visual and textual information for tasks such as image captioning and visual question answering. However, these models struggle with compositional generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ashwath Vaithinathan Aravindan , Abha Jha , Mihir Kulkarni

Effectively understanding urban scenes requires fine-grained spatial reasoning about objects, layouts, and depth cues. However, how well current vision-language models (VLMs), pretrained on general scenes, transfer these abilities to urban…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Juneyoung Ro , Namwoo Kim , Yoonjin Yoon

Spatial understanding is a crucial capability that enables robots to perceive their surroundings, reason about their environment, and interact with it meaningfully. In modern robotics, these capabilities are increasingly provided by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Chan Hee Song , Valts Blukis , Jonathan Tremblay , Stephen Tyree , Yu Su , Stan Birchfield

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been increasingly applied in real-world scenarios due to their outstanding understanding and reasoning capabilities. Although VLMs have already demonstrated impressive capabilities in common visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuechen Xie , Xiaoyan Zhang , Yicheng Shan , Hao Zhu , Rui Tang , Rong Wei , Mingli Song , Yuanyu Wan , Jie Song