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The use of machine learning is becoming ubiquitous in astronomy, but remains rare in the study of the atmospheres of exoplanets. Given the spectrum of an exoplanetary atmosphere, a multi-parameter space is swept through in real time to find…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-06-12 Pablo Marquez-Neila , Chloe Fisher , Raphael Sznitman , Kevin Heng

Brown dwarfs can serve as both clocks and chemical tracers of the evolutionary history of the Milky Way due to their continuous cooling and high sensitivity of spectra to composition. We focus on brown dwarfs in globular clusters that host…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-05-11 Roman Gerasimov , Adam J. Burgasser , Derek Homeier , Luigi R. Bedin , Jon M. Rees , Michele Scalco , Jay Anderson , Maurizio Salaris

High-resolution spectroscopy (HRS) of exoplanet atmospheres has successfully detected many chemical species and is quickly moving toward detailed characterization of the chemical abundances and dynamics. HRS is highly sensitive to the line…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 Lennart van Sluijs , Hayley Beltz , Isaac Malsky , Genevieve H. Pereira , L. Cinque , Emily Rauscher , Jayne Birkby

Brown dwarfs are commonly regarded as easily-observed templates for exoplanet studies, with comparable masses, physical sizes and atmospheric properties. There is indeed considerable overlap in the photospheric temperatures of the coldest…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2009-03-10 Adam J. Burgasser

Inverse techniques are used to extract information about an exoplanet's atmosphere. These techniques are prone to biased results if the appropriate forward model is not used. One assumption used in a forward model is to assume that the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-30 Jake Taylor

Exoplanet emission spectra are often modelled assuming that the hemisphere observed is well represented by a horizontally homogenised atmosphere. However this approximation will likely fail for planets with a large temperature contrast in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-04 Jake Taylor , Vivien Parmentier , Patrick G. J. Irwin , Suzanne Aigrain , Elspeth K. H. Lee , Joshua Krissansen-Totton

By generalizing the theory of convection to any type of thermal and compositional source terms (diabatic processes), we show that thermohaline convection in Earth oceans, fingering convection in stellar atmospheres, and moist convection in…

Isolated planetary-mass objects share their mass range with planets but do not orbit a star. They lack the necessary mass to support fusion in their cores and thermally radiate their heat from formation as they cool, primarily at infrared…

Atmospheric retrieval determines the properties of an atmosphere based on its measured spectrum. The low signal-to-noise ratio of exoplanet observations require a Bayesian approach to determine posterior probability distributions of each…

Weather regimes provide a useful framework for describing large-scale atmospheric variability and its impacts on regional weather. Despite extensive study, there is still no universally accepted definition or method for identifying weather…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Soheil Anbouhi

Brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets exhibit observational evidence for active atmospheric circulation, raising critical questions about mechanisms driving the circulation, its fundamental nature, and time variability. Our previous…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-20 Xianyu Tan , Adam P. Showman

We present a retrieval method based on Bayesian analysis to infer the atmospheric compositions and surface or cloud-top pressures from transmission spectra of exoplanets with general compositions. In this study, we identify what can…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-06-28 Bjoern Benneke , Sara Seager

Brown dwarfs are essential probes of stellar and planetary formation, yet their low luminosities pose challenges for detection at large Galactic distances. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), with its unprecedented near-infrared…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-03 Zhijun Tu , Shu Wang , Xiaodian Chen , Jifeng Liu

Near-surface atmospheric conditions can differ sharply over tens to hundreds of meters due to land cover and topography, yet this variability is absent from current weather analyses and forecasts. It is unclear whether such meter-scale…

To date, pulsational variability has been measured from nearly 70 DBVs and 500 DAVs, with only a fraction of these having been the subjects of asteroseismic analysis. One way to approach white dwarf asteroseismology is forward modeling,…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-09 Agnes Bischoff-Kim

The spectroscopic features of white dwarfs are formed in the thin upper layer of their stellar photosphere. These features carry information about the white dwarf's surface temperature, surface gravity, and chemical composition (hereafter…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-09-09 Vedant Chandra , Hsiang-Chih Hwang , Nadia L. Zakamska , Tamás Budavári

In recent years, dedicated extreme-precision radial velocity (EPRV) spectrographs have produced vast quantities of high-resolution, high-signal-to-noise time-series spectra for bright stars. These data contain valuable information for the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-09 Megan Bedell , David W. Hogg , Daniel Foreman-Mackey , Benjamin T. Montet , Rodrigo Luger

We present two epochs of MPG/ESO 2.2m GROND simultaneous 6-band ($r'i'z'JHK$) photometric monitoring of the closest known L/T transition brown dwarf binary WISE J104915.57-531906.1AB. We report here the first resolved variability monitoring…

Interpreting the observations of exoplanet atmospheres to constrain physical and chemical properties is typically done using Bayesian retrieval techniques. Because these methods require many model computations, a compromise is made between…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-01-10 Francisco Ardévol Martínez , Michiel Min , Daniela Huppenkothen , Inga Kamp , Paul I. Palmer

Although transit spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the composition, thermal properties and dynamics of exoplanet atmospheres, only a few transiting terrestrial exoplanets will be close enough to allow significant transit…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Franck Selsis , Robin Wordsworth , François Forget