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Compound AI systems promise capabilities beyond those of individual models, yet their success depends critically on effective orchestration. Existing routing approaches face two limitations: (1) input-level routers make coarse query-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jiayu Wang , Yifei Ming , Zixuan Ke , Shafiq Joty , Aws Albarghouthi , Frederic Sala

The rapid proliferation of LLM agent frameworks has forced developers to choose between vendor lock-in through provider-specific SDKs and complex multi-package ecosystems that obscure control flow and hinder reproducibility. Integrating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Alexander Roman , Jacob Roman

Adaptive orchestration of heterogeneous agents requires making sequential delegation decisions under uncertain and evolving agent behaviour, e.g., coordinating specialised AI models with varying reliability, cost, and response quality.…

Due to the highly variable execution context in which edge services run, adapting their behavior to the execution context is crucial to comply with their requirements. However, adapting service behavior is a challenging task because it is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-04-30 M. Fadel Argerich , B. Cheng , J. Fürst

Multi-step tool orchestration remains challenging for LLMs, as state-of-the-art models frequently fail on full sequence execution due to parameter errors. Training for these workflows faces two obstacles: the lack of environments supporting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Cheng Jiayang , Xin Liu , Zhihan Zhang , Haoyang Wen , Zixuan Zhang , Qingyu Yin , Shiyang Li , Priyanka Nigam , Bing Yin , Chao Zhang , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance their problem-solving capability by utilizing external tools. However, in open-world scenarios with massive and evolving tool repositories, existing methods relying on static embedding retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shouzheng Huang , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Information Retrieval is shifting from passive document ranking toward autonomous agentic workflows that operate in multi-step Reason-Act-Observe loops. In such long-horizon trajectories, minor early errors can cascade, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Anushree Sinha , Srivaths Ranganathan , Debanshu Das , Abhishek Dharmaratnakar

Agentic systems that chain reasoning, tool use, and synthesis into multi-step workflows are entering production, yet prevailing evaluation practices like end-to-end outcome checks and ad-hoc trace inspection systematically mask the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

In recent years, a variety of powerful LLM-based agentic systems have been applied to automate complex tasks through task orchestration. However, existing orchestration methods still face key challenges, including strategy collapse under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Mingda Zhang , Tiesunlong Shen , Haoran Luo , Wenjin Liu , Zikai Xiao , Erik Cambria , Xiaoying Tang

Agentic systems interact with external systems by calling tools such as Python functions, REST API endpoints, or command line tools such as kubectl in Kubernetes. These tool calls often fail for various syntactic and semantic reasons. Some…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jason Tsay , Zidane Wright , Gaodan Fang , Kiran Kate , Saurabh Jha , Yara Rizk

Multi-agent systems (MAS) enable complex reasoning by coordinating multiple agents, but often incur high inference latency due to multi-step execution and repeated model invocations, severely limiting their scalability and usability in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xi Shi , Mengxin Zheng , Qian Lou

The escalating complexity of sixth-generation (6G) networks demands unprecedented levels of autonomy beyond the capabilities of traditional optimization-based and current AI-based resource management approaches. While agentic AI has emerged…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yunhao Hu , Xinchen Lyu , Chenshan Ren , Keda Chen , Qimei Cui , Xiaofeng Tao

Language agents have shown strong promise for task automation. Realizing this promise for increasingly complex, long-horizon tasks has driven the rise of a sub-agent-as-tools paradigm for multi-turn task solving. However, existing designs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jianhao Ruan , Zhihao Xu , Yiran Peng , Fashen Ren , Zhaoyang Yu , Xinbing Liang , Jinyu Xiang , Yongru Chen , Bang Liu , Chenglin Wu , Yuyu Luo , Jiayi Zhang

Recent advanced LLM-powered agent systems have exhibited their remarkable capabilities in tackling complex, long-horizon tasks. Nevertheless, they still suffer from inherent limitations in resource efficiency, context management, and…

Unlike traditional automation tools or static LLM-based systems, agents combine decision-making and tool utilization to accomplish complex tasks, showing great potential in software engineering. However, existing studies largely focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhuowen Yin , Cuifeng Gao , Chunsong Fan , Wenzhang Yang , Yinxing Xue , Lijun Zhang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) are increasingly capable of tackling complex real-world tasks, yet their reliance on inter-agent coordination, tool use, and long-horizon reasoning makes error recognition particularly challenging. Minor errors can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yifan Yu , Moyan Li , Shaoyuan Xu , Jinmiao Fu , Xinhai Hou , Fan Lai , Bryan Wang

When humans perform everyday tasks, we naturally adjust our actions based on the current state of the environment. For instance, if we intend to put something into a drawer but notice it is closed, we open it first. However, many autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Che Rin Yu , Daewon Chae , Dabin Seo , Sangwon Lee , Hyeongwoo Im , Jinkyu Kim

Agentic applications are LLMs that iteratively invoke external tools to accomplish complex tasks. Such tool-based agents are rapidly becoming the dominant paradigm for deploying language models in production. Unlike traditional single-turn…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Anish Biswas , Kanishk Goel , Srivarshinee S , Jayashree Mohan , Alind Khare , Anjaly Parayil , Ramachandran Ramjee , Chetan Bansal

Language models (LMs) are becoming increasingly dependent on external tools. LM-based agentic frameworks frequently interact with their environment via such tools to search files, run code, call APIs, etc. Further, modern reasoning-based…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Daniel Nichols , Prajwal Singhania , Charles Jekel , Abhinav Bhatele , Harshitha Menon

AI agents are promising for high-stakes enterprise workflows, but dependable deployment remains limited because tool-use failures are difficult to diagnose and control. Agents may skip required tool calls, invoke tools unnecessarily, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Hariom Tatsat , Ariye Shater