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Although large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed, the data used to train them is rarely disclosed. Given the incredible scale of this data, up to trillions of tokens, it is all but certain that it includes potentially problematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Weijia Shi , Anirudh Ajith , Mengzhou Xia , Yangsibo Huang , Daogao Liu , Terra Blevins , Danqi Chen , Luke Zettlemoyer

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Alexandros Christoforos

Recent research demonstrated that training large language models involves memorization of a significant fraction of training data. Such memorization can lead to privacy violations when training on sensitive user data and thus motivates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vitaly Feldman , Guy Kornowski , Xin Lyu

Previous works show the great potential of pre-trained language models (PLMs) for storing a large amount of factual knowledge. However, to figure out whether PLMs can be reliable knowledge sources and used as alternative knowledge bases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Daniel Gao , Yantao Jia , Lei Li , Chengzhen Fu , Zhicheng Dou , Hao Jiang , Xinyu Zhang , Lei Chen , Zhao Cao

Machine learning poses severe privacy concerns as it has been shown that the learned models can reveal sensitive information about their training data. Many works have investigated the effect of widely adopted data augmentation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xiao Li , Qiongxiu Li , Zhanhao Hu , Xiaolin Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have become the backbone of modern natural language processing but pose privacy concerns about leaking sensitive training data. Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a sample is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Toan Tran , Ruixuan Liu , Li Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to memorize significant portions of their training data. Parts of this memorized content have been shown to be extractable by simply querying the model, which poses a privacy risk. We present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Mustafa Safa Ozdayi , Charith Peris , Jack FitzGerald , Christophe Dupuy , Jimit Majmudar , Haidar Khan , Rahil Parikh , Rahul Gupta

Fact knowledge memorization is crucial for Large Language Models (LLM) to generate factual and reliable responses. However, the behaviors of LLM fact memorization remain under-explored. In this paper, we analyze the scaling laws for LLM's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xingyu Lu , Xiaonan Li , Qinyuan Cheng , Kai Ding , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) are known to memorize and recall English text from their pretraining data. However, the extent to which this ability generalizes to non-English languages or transfers across languages remains unclear. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Alisha Srivastava , Emir Korukluoglu , Minh Nhat Le , Duyen Tran , Chau Minh Pham , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer

The memorization of training data by neural networks raises pressing concerns for privacy and security. Recent work has shown that, under certain conditions, portions of the training set can be reconstructed directly from model parameters.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yehonatan Refael , Guy Smorodinsky , Ofir Lindenbaum , Itay Safran

Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) are widely used to quantify training data memorization and assess privacy risks. Standard evaluation requires repeated retraining, which is computationally costly for large models. One-run methods (single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Mathieu Even , Clément Berenfeld , Linus Bleistein , Tudor Cebere , Julie Josse , Aurélien Bellet

Benchmark-based evaluation, e.g., multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and open-ended questions (OEQs), is widely used for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs), yet their reliability is undermined by benchmark contamination. When pre-exposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yuyang Xu , Renjun Hu , Haochao Ying , Jian Wu , Xing Shi , Wei Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit significant behavioral shifts when they perceive a change from a real-world deployment context to a controlled evaluation setting, a phenomenon known as "evaluation awareness." This discrepancy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Lang Xiong , Nishant Bhargava , Jianhang Hong , Jeremy Chang , Haihao Liu , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Genomic language models (GLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for learning representations of DNA sequences, enabling advances in variant prediction, regulatory element identification, and cross-task transfer learning. However, as these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Alexander Nemecek , Wenbiao Li , Xiaoqian Jiang , Jaideep Vaidya , Erman Ayday

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse natural language processing tasks, yet their ability to memorize structured knowledge remains underexplored. In this paper, we investigate the extent to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Marco Bombieri , Paolo Fiorini , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Marco Rospocher

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have made significant advancements in a wide range of natural language processing and vision-language tasks. Access to large web-scale datasets has been a key factor in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Jie Ren , Kangrui Chen , Chen Chen , Vikash Sehwag , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Lingjuan Lyu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation, their inherent tendency toward verbatim memorization of training data introduces critical risks like copyright infringement, insecure emission, and deprecated API utilization,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Huangzhao Zhang , Tangxinyu Wang , Zheng Fang , Yingwei Ma , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel on a variety of reasoning benchmarks, but previous studies suggest they sometimes struggle to generalize to unseen questions, potentially due to over-reliance on memorized training examples. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yihuai Hong , Dian Zhou , Meng Cao , Lei Yu , Zhijing Jin

Language Models (LMs) are prone to memorizing parts of their data during training and unintentionally emitting them at generation time, raising concerns about privacy leakage and disclosure of intellectual property. While previous research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Stefan Arnold

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools for digital task assistance. Their training relies heavily on the collection of vast amounts of data, which may include copyright-protected or sensitive information. Recent studies on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sagiv Antebi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici
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