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We propose a hybrid Artificial Intelligence (AI) climate modeling approach that enables climate modelers in scientific discovery using a climate-targeted simulation methodology based on a novel combination of deep neural networks and…

Climate projections have uncertainties related to components of the climate system and their interactions. A typical approach to quantifying these uncertainties is to use climate models to create ensembles of repeated simulations under…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Graham Clyne , Guillaume Couairon , Guillaume Gastineau , Claire Monteleoni , Anastase Charantonis

Latent Action Models (LAMs) enable learning from actionless data for applications ranging from robotic control to interactive world models. However, existing LAMs typically focus on short-horizon frame transitions and capture low-level…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hanjung Kim , Lerrel Pinto , Seon Joo Kim

Stochastic reduced models are an important tool in climate systems whose many spatial and temporal scales cannot be fully discretized or underlying physics may not be fully accounted for. One form of reduced model, the linear inverse model…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-29 Dallas Foster , Darin Comeau , Nathan M. Urban

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for climate-related applications, where understanding internal climatological knowledge is crucial for reliability and misinformation risk assessment. Despite growing adoption, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ivan Kuznetsov , Jacopo Grassi , Dmitrii Pantiukhin , Boris Shapkin , Thomas Jung , Nikolay Koldunov

As the role played by statistical and computational sciences in climate and environmental modelling and prediction becomes more important, Machine Learning researchers are becoming more aware of the relevance of their work to help tackle…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-23 Federico Amato , Fabian Guignard , Sylvain Robert , Mikhail Kanevski

Sea ice plays an important role in stabilising the Earth system. Yet, representing its dynamics remains a major challenge for models, as the underlying processes are scale-invariant and highly anisotropic. This poses a dilemma:…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Tobias Sebastian Finn , Marc Bocquet , Pierre Rampal , Charlotte Durand , Flavia Porro , Alban Farchi , Alberto Carrassi

We introduce Agentic Economic Modeling (AEM), a framework that aligns synthetic LLM choices with small-sample human evidence for reliable econometric inference. AEM first generates task-conditioned synthetic choices via LLMs, then learns a…

Addressing complex meteorological processes at a fine spatial resolution requires substantial computational resources. To accelerate meteorological simulations, researchers have utilized neural networks to downscale meteorological variables…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Jing Hu , Honghu Zhang , Peng Zheng , Jialin Mu , Xiaomeng Huang , Xi Wu

Producing high-quality forecasts of key climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation, on subseasonal time scales has long been a gap in operational forecasting. This study explores an application of machine learning (ML) models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Elena Orlova , Haokun Liu , Raphael Rossellini , Benjamin A. Cash , Rebecca Willett

Recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), enable scalable extraction of spatial information from unstructured text and offer new methodological opportunities for studying climate…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-30 Stefano Maria Iacus , Haodong Qi , Devika Jain

Machine learning weather models trained on observed atmospheric conditions can outperform conventional physics-based models at short- to medium-range (1-14 day) forecast timescales. Here we take the machine learning weather model ACE2,…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Chris Kent , Adam A. Scaife , Nick J. Dunstone , Doug Smith , Steven C. Hardiman , Tom Dunstan , Oliver Watt-Meyer

As global climate change intensifies, accurate weather forecasting has become increasingly important, affecting agriculture, energy management, environmental protection, and daily life. This study introduces a hybrid model combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yuhao Gong , Yuchen Zhang , Fei Wang , Chi-Han Lee

This study explores integrating reinforcement learning (RL) with idealised climate models to address key parameterisation challenges in climate science. Current climate models rely on complex mathematical parameterisations to represent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Pritthijit Nath , Henry Moss , Emily Shuckburgh , Mark Webb

In recent years, Deep-Learning Earth System Models (DL-ESMs) have emerged as promising, computationally efficient complements to traditional Earth system models. Here, we present an evaluation framework for testing DL-ESMs from a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Giuliana Pallotta , Shiheng Duan , Céline Bonfils , Jiwoo Lee , Seth Goodnight , Paul Ullrich

Over the past years, foundation models have caused a paradigm shift in machine learning due to their unprecedented capabilities for zero-shot and few-shot generalization. However, despite the success of foundation models in modalities such…

Deep-learning (DL) weather prediction models offer some notable advantages over traditional physics-based models, including auto-differentiability and low computational cost, enabling detailed diagnostics of forecast errors. Using our…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Uros Perkan , Ziga Zaplotnik , Gregor Skok

Robust generalization under climate change remains a major challenge for machine learning applications in climate science. Most existing approaches struggle to extrapolate beyond the climate they were trained on, leading to a strong…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Shuchang Liu , Paul A. O'Gorman

Climate downscaling is a crucial technique within climate research, serving to project low-resolution (LR) climate data to higher resolutions (HR). Previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of deep learning for downscaling tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Naufal Shidqi , Chaeyoon Jeong , Sungwon Park , Elke Zeller , Arjun Babu Nellikkattil , Karandeep Singh

Global climate projections rely on computationally demanding Earth System Models (ESMs), which are typically limited to coarse spatial resolutions due to their high cost. To obtain high-resolution projections for regions of interest, it is…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Erik Larsson , Ramon Fuentes-Franco , Mikhail Ivanov , Fredrik Lindsten