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This paper introduces an approach to increasing the explainability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems by embedding Large Language Models (LLMs) within standardized analytical processes. While traditional explainable AI (XAI) methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Marc Jansen , Marcel Pehlke

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into critical decision-making pipelines, a trend that raises the demand for robust and automated data analysis. Current approaches to dataset risk analysis are limited to manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Panteleimon Rodis

Drawing on constructs from psychology, prior work has identified a distinction between explicit and implicit bias in large language models (LLMs). While many LLMs undergo post-training alignment and safety procedures to avoid expressions of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Molly Apsel , Michael N. Jones

Since language models are used to model a wide variety of languages, it is natural to ask whether the neural architectures used for the task have inductive biases towards modeling particular types of languages. Investigation of these biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Jennifer C. White , Ryan Cotterell

In order for AI systems to communicate effectively with people, they must understand how we make decisions. However, people's decisions are not always rational, so the implicit internal models of human decision-making in Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ryan Liu , Jiayi Geng , Joshua C. Peterson , Ilia Sucholutsky , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to exhibit social, demographic, and gender biases, often as a consequence of the data on which they are trained. In this work, we adopt a mechanistic interpretability approach to analyze how such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Bhavik Chandna , Zubair Bashir , Procheta Sen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as optimization modules in agentic systems, yet the fundamental limits of such LLM-mediated improvement remain poorly understood. Here we propose a theory of LLM information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zhuo-Yang Song , Hua Xing Zhu

Many recent studies have found evidence for emergent reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs), but debate persists concerning the robustness of these capabilities, and the extent to which they depend on structured reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yukang Yang , Declan Campbell , Kaixuan Huang , Mengdi Wang , Jonathan Cohen , Taylor Webb

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to make sense of ambiguous, open-textured, value-laden terms. Platforms routinely rely on LLMs for content moderation, asking them to label text based on disputed concepts like "hate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Shira Gur-Arieh , Angelina Wang , Sina Fazelpour

Big Data analytics and Artificial Intelligence systems derive non-intuitive and often unverifiable inferences about individuals' behaviors, preferences, and private lives. Drawing on diverse, feature-rich datasets of unpredictable value,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Yui Kondo , Kevin Dunnell , Qing Xiao , Jun Zhao , Luc Rocher

Conceptual reasoning, the ability to reason in abstract and high-level perspectives, is key to generalization in human cognition. However, limited study has been done on large language models' capability to perform conceptual reasoning. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Ben Zhou , Hongming Zhang , Sihao Chen , Dian Yu , Hongwei Wang , Baolin Peng , Dan Roth , Dong Yu

Language is not only a tool for communication but also a medium for human cognition and reasoning. If, as linguistic relativity suggests, the structure of language shapes cognitive patterns, then large language models (LLMs) trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Chenxi Wang , Yixuan Zhang , Lang Gao , Zixiang Xu , Zirui Song , Yanbo Wang , Xiuying Chen

Artificial Intelligence is moving from models that only generate text to Agentic AI, where systems behave as autonomous entities that can perceive, reason, plan, and act. Large Language Models (LLMs) are no longer used only as passive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arunkumar V , Gangadharan G. R. , Rajkumar Buyya

Despite the ubiquity of large language models (LLMs) in AI research, the question of embodiment in LLMs remains underexplored, distinguishing them from embodied systems in robotics where sensory perception directly informs physical action.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Philipp Wicke , Lennart Wachowiak

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive text generators to autonomous, goal-driven systems represents a fundamental shift in artificial intelligence. This chapter examines the emergence of agentic AI systems that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Nadia Sibai , Yara Ahmed , Serry Sibaee , Sawsan AlHalawani , Adel Ammar , Wadii Boulila

Cultural AI benchmarks often rely on implicit assumptions about measured constructs, leading to vague formulations with poor validity and unclear interrelations. We propose exposing these assumptions using explicit cognitive models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jonathan H. Rystrøm , Kenneth C. Enevoldsen

Although value-aligned language models (LMs) appear unbiased in explicit bias evaluations, they often exhibit stereotypes in implicit word association tasks, raising concerns about their fair usage. We investigate the mechanisms behind this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Lihao Sun , Chengzhi Mao , Valentin Hofmann , Xuechunzi Bai

We investigate whether Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit human-like cognitive patterns under four established frameworks from psychology: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Framing Bias, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), and Cognitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Akash Kundu , Rishika Goswami

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to be effective models of the human language system, with some models predicting most explainable variance of brain activity in current datasets. Even in untrained models, the representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Badr AlKhamissi , Greta Tuckute , Antoine Bosselut , Martin Schrimpf

In this paper, we investigate the phenomena of "selection biases" in Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on problems where models are tasked with choosing the optimal option from an ordered sequence. We delve into biases related to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sheng-Lun Wei , Cheng-Kuang Wu , Hen-Hsen Huang , Hsin-Hsi Chen