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The emergence of accurate open large language models (LLMs) has led to a race towards performant quantization techniques which can enable their execution on end-user devices. In this paper, we revisit the problem of "extreme" LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Vage Egiazarian , Andrei Panferov , Denis Kuznedelev , Elias Frantar , Artem Babenko , Dan Alistarh

For polar codes with short-to-medium code length, list successive cancellation decoding is used to achieve a good error-correcting performance. However, list pruning in the current list decoding is based on the sorting strategy and its…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2015-11-30 YouZhe Fan , Ji Chen , ChenYang Xia , Chi-ying Tsui , Jie Jin , Hui Shen , Bin Li

Topological quantum codes are intrinsically fault-tolerant to local noise, and underlie the theory of topological phases of matter. We explore geometry to enhance the performance of topological quantum codes by rotating the four dimensional…

A text written using symbols from a given alphabet can be compressed using the Huffman code, which minimizes the length of the encoded text. It is necessary, however, to employ a text-specific codebook, i.e. the symbol-codeword dictionary,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Armen E. Allahverdyan , Andranik Khachatryan

Semantic communication stands out as a highly promising avenue for future developments in communications. Theoretically, source compression coding based on semantics can achieve lower rates than Shannon entropy. This paper introduces a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Jin Xu , Kai Niu , Zijian Liang , Ping Zhang

In spite of the great potential of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks, their deployment on resource-constrained devices remains challenging due to their excessive computational and memory demands. Quantization has emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Hao Mark Chen , Fuwen Tan , Alexandros Kouris , Royson Lee , Hongxiang Fan , Stylianos I. Venieris

In this paper, we study the use of GF(q)-quantized LDGM codes for binary source coding. By employing quantization, it is possible to obtain binary codewords with a non-uniform distribution. The obtained statistics is hence suitable for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-07-09 Lorenzo Cappellari

Recent developments in storage -- especially in the area of resistive random access memory (ReRAM) -- are attempting to scale the storage density by regarding the information data as two-dimensional (2D), instead of one-dimensional (1D).…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Viet Hai Le , Thanh Phong Pham , Tuan Thanh Nguyen , Kui Cai , Kees A. Schouhamer Immink

Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Code LLMs, have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation. Current research primarily focuses on the correctness of generated code, while efficiency remains less explored. Recent works…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Tong Ye , Weigang Huang , Xuhong Zhang , Tengfei Ma , Peiyu Liu , Jianwei Yin , Wenhai Wang

We present a new universal source code for distributions of unlabeled binary and ordinal trees that achieves optimal compression to within lower order terms for all tree sources covered by existing universal codes. At the same time, it…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-06 J. Ian Munro , Patrick K. Nicholson , Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Sebastian Wild

Prompt engineering enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks. However, lengthy prompts significantly increase computational complexity and economic costs. To address this issue, we study six prompt compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Zheng Zhang , Jinyi Li , Yihuai Lan , Xiang Wang , Hao Wang

Constrained sequence (CS) codes, including fixed-length CS codes and variable-length CS codes, have been widely used in modern wireless communication and data storage systems. Sequences encoded with constrained sequence codes satisfy…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Congzhe Cao , Duanshun Li , Ivan Fair

Auto-regressive Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on coding tasks, but incur high memory and inference costs. Diffusion-based language models (d-LLMs) offer bounded inference cost via iterative denoising, but their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Aarav Gupta , Gururaj Deshpande , Chandreyi Chakraborty

Recently, arithmetic coding has attracted the attention of many scholars because of its high compression capability. Accordingly, in this paper a method which adds secrecy to this well-known source code is proposed. Finite state arithmetic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-06-06 Hashem Moradmand Ziyabar , Mahnaz Sinaie , Ali Payandeh , Vahid Tabataba Vakili

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in diverse applications but suffer inefficiency due to massive scale. While quantization reduces computational costs, existing methods degrade accuracy in medium-sized LLMs (e.g., Llama-3-8B) due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yuxuan Hu , Xiaodong Chen , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen , Jing Zhang

The design of the channel part of a digital communication system (e.g., error correction, modulation) is heavily based on the assumption that the data to be transmitted forms a fair bit stream. However, simple source encoders such as short…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-07-25 Fabian Altenbach , Georg Böcherer , Rudolf Mathar

Visual encoding constitutes a major computational bottleneck in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), especially for high-resolution image inputs. The prevailing practice typically adopts global encoding followed by post-ViT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kechen Fang , Yihua Qin , Chongyi Wang , Wenshuo Ma , Tianyu Yu , Yuan Yao

Locally Decodable Codes (LDCs) are error-correcting codes $C\colon\Sigma^n\rightarrow \Sigma^m,$ encoding \emph{messages} in $\Sigma^n$ to \emph{codewords} in $\Sigma^m$, with super-fast decoding algorithms. They are important mathematical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Alexander R. Block , Jeremiah Blocki , Kuan Cheng , Elena Grigorescu , Xin Li , Yu Zheng , Minshen Zhu

Existing work on prompt compression for Large Language Models (LLM) focuses on lossy methods that try to maximize the retention of semantic information that is relevant to downstream tasks while significantly reducing the sequence length.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 John Harvill , Ziwei Fan , Hao Wang , Luke Huan , Anoop Deoras , Yizhou Sun , Hao Ding

The Huffman coding algorithm is interpreted in the lattice of partitions of the source alphabet. Maximal chains in the partition lattice correspond to linear extensions of tree orders, and those among the chains that exhibit a simple greedy…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-06-25 Stephan Foldes
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