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Pretrained language models have been shown to significantly predict brain recordings of people comprehending language. Recent work suggests that the prediction of the next word is a key mechanism that contributes to this alignment. What is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Gabriele Merlin , Mariya Toneva

While many capabilities of language models (LMs) improve with increased training budget, the influence of scale on hallucinations is not yet fully understood. Hallucinations come in many forms, and there is no universally accepted…

Language models typically need to be trained or finetuned in order to acquire new knowledge, which involves updating their weights. We instead envision language models that can simply read and memorize new data at inference time, thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Yuhuai Wu , Markus N. Rabe , DeLesley Hutchins , Christian Szegedy

Modern large language models (LLMs) represent a paradigm shift in what can plausibly be expected of machine learning models. The fact that LLMs can effectively generate sensible answers to a diverse range of queries suggests that they would…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Dean Wyatte , Fatemeh Tahmasbi , Ming Li , Thomas Markovich

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding and generating responses to complex queries through large-scale pre-training. However, the efficacy of these models in memorizing and reasoning among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Qiyuan He , Yizhong Wang , Wenya Wang

We analyze if large language models are able to predict patterns of human reading behavior. We compare the performance of language-specific and multilingual pretrained transformer models to predict reading time measures reflecting natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Nora Hollenstein , Federico Pirovano , Ce Zhang , Lena Jäger , Lisa Beinborn

The relationship between memorization and generalization in large language models (LLMs) remains an open area of research, with growing evidence that the two are deeply intertwined. In this work, we investigate this relationship by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Joshua Barron , Devin White

A better understanding of the emergent computation and problem-solving capabilities of recent large language models is of paramount importance to further improve them and broaden their applicability. This work investigates how a language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Davide Maltoni , Matteo Ferrara

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely employed across various application domains, yet their black-box nature poses significant challenges to understanding how these models process input data internally to make predictions. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hangfeng He , Weijie J. Su

Probing has shown that language model representations encode rich linguistic information, but it remains unclear whether they also capture cognitive signals about human processing. In this work, we probe language model representations for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Eleftheria Tsipidi , Samuel Kiegeland , Francesco Ignazio Re , Tianyang Xu , Mario Giulianelli , Karolina Stanczak , Ryan Cotterell

Scaling laws enable the optimal selection of data amount and language model size, yet the impact of the data unit, the token, on this relationship remains underexplored. In this work, we systematically investigate how the information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Tomasz Limisiewicz , Artidoro Pagnoni , Srini Iyer , Mike Lewis , Sachin Mehta , Alisa Liu , Margaret Li , Gargi Ghosh , Luke Zettlemoyer

In recent years, language models have drastically grown in size, and the abilities of these models have been shown to improve with scale. The majority of recent scaling laws studies focused on high-compute high-parameter count settings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Vijeta Deshpande , Dan Pechi , Shree Thatte , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky

Large language models such as GPT and Llama are trained with a next-token prediction loss. In this work, we suggest that training language models to predict multiple future tokens at once results in higher sample efficiency. More…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Athul Radhakrishnan , Siddhant Mohan , Mahima Sachdeva

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have shown remarkable abilities in natural language processing, opening new avenues in psychological research. This study explores whether LLMs can predict human memory performance in tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus Huff , Elanur Ulakçı

This paper compares historical annotations by humans and Large Language Models. The findings reveal that both exhibit some cultural bias, but Large Language Models achieve a higher consensus on the interpretation of historical facts from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Fabio Celli , Georgios Spathulas

In this paper, we introduce personalized word embeddings, and examine their value for language modeling. We compare the performance of our proposed prediction model when using personalized versus generic word representations, and study how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Charles Welch , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Verónica Pérez-Rosas , Rada Mihalcea

We explore a lightweight framework that adapts frozen large language models to analyze longitudinal clinical data. The approach integrates patient history and context within the language model space to generate accurate forecasts without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tananun Songdechakraiwut , Michael Lutz

Large language models (LLMs) are in need of sufficient contexts to handle many critical applications, such as retrieval augmented generation and few-shot learning. However, due to the constrained window size, the LLMs can only access to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Ninglu Shao , Shitao Xiao , Zheng Liu , Peitian Zhang

Advances in the general capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use for information retrieval, and as components in automated decision systems. A faithful representation of probabilistic reasoning in these models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Gabriel Freedman , Francesca Toni

Research on the cognitive plausibility of language models (LMs) has so far mostly concentrated on modelling psycholinguistic response variables such as reading times, gaze durations and N400/P600 EEG signals, while mostly leaving out the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Julius Steuer , Marius Mosbach , Dietrich Klakow