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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for assessing specific immune biomarkers like Human Epidermal growth-factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. However, the traditional protocols of obtaining IHC stains are resource-intensive,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Aasim Bin Saleem , Amr Ahmed , Ardhendu Behera , Hafeezullah Amin , Iman Yi Liao , Mahmoud Khattab , Pan Jia Wern , Haslina Makmur

The immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarker is widely practiced in breast tissue analysis, preclinical studies and diagnostic decisions, guiding cancer treatment and investigation…

Virtual staining streamlines traditional staining procedures by digitally generating stained images from unstained or differently stained images. While conventional staining methods involve time-consuming chemical processes, virtual…

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images can accelerate diagnostics by providing preliminary molecular insight directly from routine sections, reducing the need for repeat sectioning when tissue is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jillur Rahman Saurav , Thuong Le Hoai Pham , Pritam Mukherjee , Paul Yi , Brent A. Orr , Jacob M. Luber

The popular use of histopathology images, such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), has proven to be useful in detecting tumors. However, moving such cancer cases forward for treatment requires accurate on the amount of the human epidermal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Olaide N. Oyelade , Oliver Hoxey , Yulia Humrye

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Multiplex imaging is revolutionizing pathology by enabling the simultaneous visualization of multiple biomarkers within tissue samples, providing molecular-level insights that traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining cannot provide.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Hyun-Jic Oh , Junsik Kim , Zhiyi Shi , Yichen Wu , Yu-An Chen , Peter K Sorger , Hanspeter Pfister , Won-Ki Jeong

Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important biomarker in breast cancer patients who can benefit from cost-effective automatic Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) HER2 scoring. However, developing such scoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Rawan S. Abdulsadig , Bryan M. Williams , Nikolay Burlutskiy

Virtual staining is a promising technique that uses deep generative models to recreate histological stains, providing a faster and more cost-effective alternative to traditional tissue chemical staining. Specifically for H&E-HER2 staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pascal Klöckner , José Teixeira , Diana Montezuma , Jaime S. Cardoso , Hugo M. Horlings , Sara P. Oliveira

Accurate classification of breast ultrasound images into benign, malignant, and normal categories is a critical clinical task complicated by speckle noise, acoustic shadowing, and inter-class visual ambiguity. Existing deep learning methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Chinedu Emmanuel Mbonu , Blessing Nwamaka Iduh , Joseph Ikechukwu Odo , Doris Chinedu Asogwa

The overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cells is a key driver of HER2-positive breast cancer, a highly aggressive subtype requiring precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. Immunohistochemistry…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Sara Rehmat , Hafeez Ur Rehman , Byeong-Gwon Kang , Sarra Ayouni , Yunyoung Nam

Breast cancer presents a significant healthcare challenge globally, demanding precise diagnostics and effective treatment strategies, where histopathological examination of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections plays a central…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-06 Linhao Qu , Chengsheng Zhang , Guihui Li , Haiyong Zheng , Chen Peng , Wei He

Segmentation of enhancing tumours or lesions from MRI is important for detecting new disease activity in many clinical contexts. However, accurate segmentation requires the inclusion of medical images (e.g., T1 post contrast MRI) acquired…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-14 Saverio Vadacchino , Raghav Mehta , Nazanin Mohammadi Sepahvand , Brennan Nichyporuk , James J. Clark , Tal Arbel

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

Supervised semantic segmentation normally assumes the test data being in a similar data domain as the training data. However, in practice, the domain mismatch between the training and unseen data could lead to a significant performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Xianxu Hou , Jingxin Liu , Bolei Xu , Bozhi Liu , Xin Chen , Mohammad Ilyas , Ian Ellis , Jon Garibaldi , Guoping Qiu

Deep learning-based virtual staining was developed to introduce image contrast to label-free tissue sections, digitally matching the histological staining, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and destructive to tissue. Standard…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-31 Yijie Zhang , Luzhe Huang , Tairan Liu , Keyi Cheng , Kevin de Haan , Yuzhu Li , Bijie Bai , Aydogan Ozcan

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is widely regarded as the standard in pathology for diagnosing diseases and tracking tumor recurrence. While H&E staining shows tissue structures, it lacks the ability to reveal specific proteins that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining visualizes histology but lacks specificity for diagnostic markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining provides protein-targeted staining but is restricted by tissue availability and antibody…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Anran Liu , Xiaofei Wang , Jing Cai , Chao Li

Breast cancer is a highly fatal disease among cancers in women, and early detection is crucial for treatment. HER2 status, a valuable diagnostic marker based on Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, is instrumental in determining breast…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Linda Wei , Shengyi Hua , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

With the rapid development of digital pathology, virtual staining has become a key technology in multimedia medical information systems, offering new possibilities for the analysis and diagnosis of pathological images. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hao Yang , JianYu Wu , Run Fang , Xuelian Zhao , Yuan Ji , Zhiyu Chen , Guibin He , Junceng Guo , Yang Liu , Xinhua Zeng
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