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Large language model (LLM) agents are constrained by limited context windows, necessitating external memory systems for long-term information understanding. Current memory-augmented agents typically depend on pre-defined instructions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yu Wang , Ryuichi Takanobu , Zhiqi Liang , Yuzhen Mao , Yuanzhe Hu , Julian McAuley , Xiaojian Wu

Malicious attackers can exploit large language models (LLMs) by engaging them in multi-turn dialogues to achieve harmful objectives, posing significant safety risks to society. To address this challenge, we propose a novel defense…

We present a novel approach for attacking black-box large language models (LLMs) by exploiting their ability to express confidence in natural language. Existing black-box attacks require either access to continuous model outputs like logits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Meng Ding , Yang Liu , Jue Hong , Florian Tramèr

Users often formulate their search queries with immature language without well-developed keywords and complete structures. Such queries fail to express their true information needs and raise ambiguity as fragmental language often yield…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Zhenduo Wang , Qingyao Ai

This paper introduces FRACTURED-SORRY-Bench, a framework for evaluating the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) against multi-turn conversational attacks. Building upon the SORRY-Bench dataset, we propose a simple yet effective method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Aman Priyanshu , Supriti Vijay

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained with reinforcement learning and verifiable rewards have achieved strong results on complex reasoning tasks. Recent work extends this paradigm to a multi-agent setting, where a meta-thinking agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Zhiwei Zhang , Xiaomin Li , Yudi Lin , Hui Liu , Ramraj Chandradevan , Linlin Wu , Minhua Lin , Fali Wang , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) present a dual-use dilemma: they enable beneficial applications while harboring potential for harm, particularly through conversational interactions. Despite various safeguards, advanced LLMs remain vulnerable.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-02 John Burden , Manuel Cebrian , Jose Hernandez-Orallo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are improving at an exceptional rate. With the advent of agentic workflows, multi-turn dialogue has become the de facto mode of interaction with LLMs for completing long and complex tasks. While LLM capabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Neeladri Bhuiya , Madhav Aggarwal , Diptanshu Purwar

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly deployed, understanding the complexity and evolution of jailbreaking strategies is critical for AI safety. We present a mass-scale empirical analysis of jailbreak complexity across over 2…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aldan Creo , Raul Castro Fernandez , Manuel Cebrian

Multi-turn interactions with large language models typically retain the assistant's own past responses in the conversation history. In this work, we revisit this design choice by asking whether large language models benefit from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jenny Y. Huang , Leshem Choshen , Ramon Astudillo , Tamara Broderick , Jacob Andreas

Prompting techniques such as chain-of-thought have established themselves as a popular vehicle for improving the outputs of large language models (LLMs). For code generation, however, their exact mechanics and efficacy are under-explored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Kunhao Zheng , Juliette Decugis , Jonas Gehring , Taco Cohen , Benjamin Negrevergne , Gabriel Synnaeve

To build an open-domain multi-turn conversation system is one of the most interesting and challenging tasks in Artificial Intelligence. Many research efforts have been dedicated to building such dialogue systems, yet few shed light on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Lili Yao , Ruijian Xu , Chao Li , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

In this paper, we show that when spoken language models (SLMs) are instructed to speak in a specific speaking style at the beginning of a multi-turn conversation, they cannot maintain the required speaking styles after several turns of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yu-Xiang Lin , Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

The reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically developed through the single-turn reinforcement learning, whereas real-world applications often involve multi-turn interactions with human feedback, leading to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qiang Liu , Wuganjing Song , Zhenzhou Lin , Feifan Chen , Qiaolong Cai , Chen Li , Yongduo Sui

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit sycophancy, distorting responses to align with user beliefs, notably by readily agreeing with user counterarguments. Paradoxically, LLMs are increasingly adopted as successful evaluative agents for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sungwon Kim , Daniel Khashabi

Large language models (LLMs) gained immense popularity due to their impressive capabilities in unstructured conversations. Empowering LLMs with advanced prompting strategies such as reasoning and acting (ReAct) (Yao et al., 2022) has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Michelle Elizabeth , Morgan Veyret , Miguel Couceiro , Ondrej Dusek , Lina M. Rojas-Barahona

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their impressive capabilities, often fail to accurately repeat a single word when prompted to, and instead output unrelated text. This unexplained failure mode represents a vulnerability, allowing even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Itay Yona , Ilia Shumailov , Jamie Hayes , Federico Barbero , Yossi Gandelsman

LLM-based Automatic Prompt Optimization, which typically utilizes LLMs as Prompt Optimizers to self-reflect and refine prompts, has shown promising performance in recent studies. Despite the success, the underlying mechanism of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ruotian Ma , Xiaolei Wang , Xin Zhou , Jian Li , Nan Du , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

The growing deployment of large language model (LLM) based agents that interact with external environments has created new attack surfaces for adversarial manipulation. One major threat is indirect prompt injection, where attackers embed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hwan Chang , Yonghyun Jun , Hwanhee Lee

With the widespread use of large language models (LLMs), understanding their potential failure modes during user interactions is essential. In practice, users often pose multiple questions in a single conversation with LLMs. Therefore, in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Kehao Miao , Xiaolong Jin
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