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Today, large language models have demonstrated their strengths in various tasks ranging from reasoning, code generation, and complex problem solving. However, this advancement comes with a high computational cost and memory requirements,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Meriem Bouzouad , Yuan-Hao Chang , Jalil Boukhobza

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown an impressive capability in code generation. The LLM effectiveness generally increases with its size: The higher the number of LLM's trainable parameters the better its ability to implement code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Alessandro Giagnorio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Saima Afrin , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in language-related tasks, but their deployment poses significant challenges due to substantial memory and storage requirements. Weight-only quantization has emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Wenhua Cheng , Weiwei Zhang , Haihao Shen , Yiyang Cai , Xin He , Kaokao Lv , Yi Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of language tasks, but their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to the substantial memory requirements imposed by their large parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zihan Chen , Bike Xie , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a popular vision foundation model; however, its high computational and memory demands make deployment on resource-constrained devices challenging. While Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is a practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Navin Ranjan , Andreas Savakis

Large language models (LLMs) demand extensive memory capacity during both fine-tuning and inference. To enable memory-efficient fine-tuning, existing methods apply block-wise quantization techniques, such as NF4 and AF4, to the network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Patrick Blumenberg , Thomas Graave , Tim Fingscheidt

Post-training, layer-wise quantization is preferable because it is free from retraining and is hardware-friendly. Nevertheless, accuracy degradation has occurred when a neural network model has a big difference of per-out-channel weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Jihun Oh , SangJeong Lee , Meejeong Park , Pooni Walagaurav , Kiseok Kwon

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural-language processing, yet their scale makes real-world deployment costly. Post-training quantization reduces memory and computation but often degrades accuracy, while quantization-aware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Cody Steinmetz , Gavin Childress , Aaron Herbst , Gavin Jones , Jasdeep Singh , Eli Vang , Keagan Weinstock

Large Language Models (LLMs) are proficient in natural language processing tasks, but their deployment is often restricted by extensive parameter sizes and computational demands. This paper focuses on post-training quantization (PTQ) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Janghwan Lee , Minsoo Kim , Seungcheol Baek , Seok Joong Hwang , Wonyong Sung , Jungwook Choi

Recent machine learning methods use increasingly large deep neural networks to achieve state of the art results in various tasks. The gains in performance come at the cost of a substantial increase in computation and storage requirements.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Yoni Choukroun , Eli Kravchik , Fan Yang , Pavel Kisilev

Bilevel optimization has shown its utility across various machine learning settings, yet most algorithms in practice require second-order information, making it challenging to scale them up. Only recently, a paradigm of first-order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rui Pan , Dylan Zhang , Hanning Zhang , Xingyuan Pan , Minrui Xu , Jipeng Zhang , Renjie Pi , Xiaoyu Wang , Tong Zhang

Efficient model inference is an important and practical issue in the deployment of deep neural network on resource constraint platforms. Network quantization addresses this problem effectively by leveraging low-bit representation and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Tianshu Chu , Qin Luo , Jie Yang , Xiaolin Huang

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a promising approach to reducing the storage and computational requirements of large language models (LLMs) without additional training cost. Recent PTQ studies have primarily focused on quantizing only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Reena Elangovan , Charbel Sakr , Anand Raghunathan , Brucek Khailany

We propose LLM-FP4 for quantizing both weights and activations in large language models (LLMs) down to 4-bit floating-point values, in a post-training manner. Existing post-training quantization (PTQ) solutions are primarily integer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Shih-yang Liu , Zechun Liu , Xijie Huang , Pingcheng Dong , Kwang-Ting Cheng

Mixed-precision quantization improves the budget--accuracy trade-off for large language models (LLMs) by allocating more bits to sensitive modules. However, automating this allocation at LLM scale faces a unique combination of constraints:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhangyang Yao , Haiyan Zhao , Haoyu Wang , Tianbo Huang , Lihua Zhang , Xu Han

As large language models (LLMs) grow in size and deployment scale, quantization has become an essential technique for reducing memory footprint and improving inference efficiency. However, existing quantization toolkits often lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

The burgeoning computational demands for training large language models (LLMs) necessitate efficient methods, including quantized training, which leverages low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce costs. While FP8 precision has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jiecheng Zhou , Ding Tang , Rong Fu , Boni Hu , Haoran Xu , Yi Wang , Zhilin Pei , Zhongling Su , Liang Liu , Xingcheng Zhang , Weiming Zhang

Lately, post-training quantization methods have gained considerable attention, as they are simple to use, and require only a small unlabeled calibration set. This small dataset cannot be used to fine-tune the model without significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Itay Hubara , Yury Nahshan , Yair Hanani , Ron Banner , Daniel Soudry

Multi-bit quantization networks enable flexible deployment of deep neural networks by supporting multiple precision levels within a single model. However, existing approaches suffer from significant training overhead as full-dataset updates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jinhee Kim , Jae Jun An , Kang Eun Jeon , Jong Hwan Ko

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) allows scaling of language and vision models efficiently by activating only a small subset of experts per input. While this reduces computation, the large number of parameters still incurs substantial memory…