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Related papers: Privacy-Preserving Mechanisms Enable Cheap Verifia…

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The community explored to build private inference frameworks for transformer-based large language models (LLMs) in a server-client setting, where the server holds the model parameters and the client inputs its private data (or prompt) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Xuanqi Liu , Zhuotao Liu

The widespread usage of online Large Language Models (LLMs) inference services has raised significant privacy concerns about the potential exposure of private information in user inputs to malicious eavesdroppers. Existing privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ziqian Zeng , Jianwei Wang , Junyao Yang , Zhengdong Lu , Haoran Li , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

Current privacy research on large language models (LLMs) primarily focuses on the issue of extracting memorized training data. At the same time, models' inference capabilities have increased drastically. This raises the key question of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Robin Staab , Mark Vero , Mislav Balunović , Martin Vechev

The ever-increasing size of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) renders local deployment impractical for individual users. Decentralized computing has emerged as a cost-effective solution, allowing individuals and small companies to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yifan Sun , Yuhang Li , Yue Zhang , Yuchen Jin , Huan Zhang

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are typically deployed as online services, requiring users to transmit detailed prompts to cloud servers. This raises significant privacy concerns. In response, we introduce ConfusionPrompt, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peihua Mai , Youjia Yang , Ran Yan , Rui Ye , Yan Pang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing, enabling applications in diverse domains such as healthcare, finance and education. However, the growing reliance on extensive data for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Guoshenghui Zhao , Eric Song

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly transformed natural language understanding and generation, but they raise privacy concerns due to potential exposure of sensitive information. Studies have highlighted the risk of information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Bishnu Bhusal , Manoj Acharya , Ramneet Kaur , Colin Samplawski , Anirban Roy , Adam D. Cobb , Rohit Chadha , Susmit Jha

Privacy-preserving technologies have introduced a paradigm shift that allows for realizable secure computing in real-world systems. The significant barrier to the practical adoption of these primitives is the computational and communication…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yaman Jandali , Ruisi Zhang , Nojan Sheybani , Farinaz Koushanfar

The emergence of ChatGPT marks the arrival of the large language model (LLM) era. While LLMs demonstrate their power in a variety of fields, they also raise serious privacy concerns as the users' queries are sent to the model provider. On…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fei Zheng , Chaochao Chen , Zhongxuan Han , Xiaolin Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in text understanding and generation, and they are increasingly being utilized across various domains to enhance productivity. However, due to the high costs of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yu Mao , Xueping Liao , Wei Liu , Anjia Yang

The performance of modern machine learning systems depends on access to large, high-quality datasets, often sourced from user-generated content or proprietary, domain-specific corpora. However, these rich datasets inherently contain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhan Shi , Yefeng Yuan , Yuhong Liu , Liang Cheng , Yi Fang

An increasing number of companies have begun providing services that leverage cloud-based large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. However, this development raises substantial privacy concerns, as users' prompts are transmitted to and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shilong Hou , Ruilin Shang , Zi Long , Xianghua Fu , Yin Chen

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the widespread adoption of third-party inference services, raising critical privacy concerns. Existing methods of performing private third-party inference, such as Secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rahul Thomas , Louai Zahran , Erica Choi , Akilesh Potti , Micah Goldblum , Arka Pal

Decentralized inference provides a scalable and resilient paradigm for serving large language models (LLMs), enabling fragmented global resource utilization and reducing reliance on centralized providers. However, in a permissionless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ke Wang , Zishuo Zhao , Xinyuan Song , Zelin Li , Libin Xia , Chris Tong , Bill Shi , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai

While open Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress, they still fall short of matching the performance of their closed, proprietary counterparts, making the latter attractive even for the use on highly private data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Vincent Hanke , Tom Blanchard , Franziska Boenisch , Iyiola Emmanuel Olatunji , Michael Backes , Adam Dziedzic

When users query proprietary LLM APIs, they receive outputs with no cryptographic assurance that the claimed model was actually used. Service providers could substitute cheaper models, apply aggressive quantization, or return cached…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance and received significant research interest. The enormous computational demands, however, hinder the local deployment on devices with limited resources. The current prevalent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yujie Gu , Richeng Jin , Xiaoyu Ji , Yier Jin , Wenyuan Xu

Many inference services based on large language models (LLMs) pose a privacy concern, either revealing user prompts to the service or the proprietary weights to the user. Secure inference offers a solution to this problem through secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Deevashwer Rathee , Dacheng Li , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang , Raluca Popa

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has driven the widespread adoption of cloud-based LLM inference services, while also bringing prominent privacy risks associated with the transmission and processing of private data in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yu Lin , Qizhi Zhang , Wenqiang Ruan , Daode Zhang , Jue Hong , Ye Wu , Hanning Xia , Yunlong Mao , Sheng Zhong

The inference process of modern large language models (LLMs) demands prohibitive computational resources, rendering them infeasible for deployment on consumer-grade devices. To address this limitation, recent studies propose distributed LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xinjian Luo , Ting Yu , Xiaokui Xiao
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