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Learning-to-Defer (L2D) enables hybrid decision-making by routing inputs either to a predictor or to external experts. While promising, L2D is highly vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, which can not only flip predictions but also…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Yannis Montreuil , Letian Yu , Axel Carlier , Lai Xing Ng , Wei Tsang Ooi

Learning algorithms can be significantly improved by routing complex or uncertain inputs to specialized experts, balancing accuracy with computational cost. This approach, known as learning to defer, is essential in domains like natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Corinna Cortes , Anqi Mao , Mehryar Mohri , Yutao Zhong

Deploying complex machine learning models on resource-constrained devices is challenging due to limited computational power, memory, and model retrainability. To address these limitations, a hybrid system can be established by augmenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yu Wu , Yansong Li , Zeyu Dong , Nitya Sathyavageeswaran , Anand D. Sarwate

Learn-to-Defer is a paradigm that enables learning algorithms to work not in isolation but as a team with human experts. In this paradigm, we permit the system to defer a subset of its tasks to the expert. Although there are currently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Mohammad-Amin Charusaie , Samira Samadi

Standard imitation learning can fail when the expert demonstrators have different sensory inputs than the imitating agent. This is because partial observability gives rise to hidden confounders in the causal graph. In previous work, to work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Risto Vuorio , Pim de Haan , Johann Brehmer , Hanno Ackermann , Daniel Dijkman , Taco Cohen

With the development of Human-AI Collaboration in Classification (HAI-CC), integrating users and AI predictions becomes challenging due to the complex decision-making process. This process has three options: 1) AI autonomously classifies,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Zheng Zhang , Wenjie Ai , Kevin Wells , David Rosewarne , Thanh-Toan Do , Gustavo Carneiro

Learning-to-defer is a framework to automatically defer decision-making to a human expert when ML-based decisions are deemed unreliable. Existing learning-to-defer frameworks are not designed for sequential settings. That is, they defer at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Shalmali Joshi , Sonali Parbhoo , Finale Doshi-Velez

In many machine learning applications, there are multiple decision-makers involved, both automated and human. The interaction between these agents often goes unaddressed in algorithmic development. In this work, we explore a simple version…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-10 David Madras , Toniann Pitassi , Richard Zemel

Learning to defer uncertain predictions to costly experts offers a powerful strategy for improving the accuracy and efficiency of machine learning systems. However, standard training procedures for deferral algorithms typically require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Giulia DeSalvo , Clara Mohri , Mehryar Mohri , Yutao Zhong

One of the goals of learning algorithms is to complement and reduce the burden on human decision makers. The expert deferral setting wherein an algorithm can either predict on its own or defer the decision to a downstream expert helps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Mohammad-Amin Charusaie , Hussein Mozannar , David Sontag , Samira Samadi

We observe that incorporating a shared layer in a mixture-of-experts can lead to performance degradation. This leads us to hypothesize that learning shared features poses challenges in deep learning, potentially caused by the same feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Sejik Park

Enabling machine learning classifiers to defer their decision to a downstream expert when the expert is more accurate will ensure improved safety and performance. This objective can be achieved with the learning-to-defer framework which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Yuzhou Cao , Hussein Mozannar , Lei Feng , Hongxin Wei , Bo An

Learning-to-defer (L2D) routes each decision to a system's own predictor or to an external expert. Streaming time-series settings break the offline-L2D assumptions: the data are non-stationary, expert availability shifts over time, and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yannis Montreuil , Letian Yu , Axel Carlier , Lai Xing Ng , Wei Tsang Ooi

Automated decision support systems promise to help human experts solve multiclass classification tasks more efficiently and accurately. However, existing systems typically require experts to understand when to cede agency to the system or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Eleni Straitouri , Lequn Wang , Nastaran Okati , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

In learning to defer, a predictor identifies risky decisions and defers them to a human expert. One key issue with this setup is that the expert may end up over-relying on the machine's decisions, due to anchoring bias. At the same time,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Debodeep Banerjee , Stefano Teso , Andrea Passerini

In real-world scenarios, data tends to exhibit a long-tailed distribution, which increases the difficulty of training deep networks. In this paper, we propose a novel self-paced knowledge distillation framework, termed Learning From…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Liuyu Xiang , Guiguang Ding , Jungong Han

A binary classifier capable of abstaining from making a label prediction has two goals in tension: minimizing errors, and avoiding abstaining unnecessarily often. In this work, we exactly characterize the best achievable tradeoff between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-30 Akshay Balsubramani

Practical Imitation Learning (IL) systems rely on large human demonstration datasets for successful policy learning. However, challenges lie in maintaining the quality of collected data and addressing the suboptimal nature of some…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Sachit Kuhar , Shuo Cheng , Shivang Chopra , Matthew Bronars , Danfei Xu

Modern deep learning is increasingly characterized by the use of open-weight foundation models that can be fine-tuned on specialized datasets. This has led to a proliferation of expert models and adapters, often shared via platforms like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Stefan Horoi , Guy Wolf , Eugene Belilovsky , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Deep ensembles perform better than a single network thanks to the diversity among their members. Recent approaches regularize predictions to increase diversity; however, they also drastically decrease individual members' performances. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Alexandre Rame , Matthieu Cord