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Centralised training with decentralised execution (CT-DE) serves as the foundation of many leading multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms. Despite its popularity, it suffers from a critical drawback due to its reliance on…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Taher Jafferjee , Juliusz Ziomek , Tianpei Yang , Zipeng Dai , Jianhong Wang , Matthew Taylor , Kun Shao , Jun Wang , David Mguni

In real-life scenarios, a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent aiming to maximise their reward, must often also behave in a safe manner, including at training time. Thus, much attention in recent years has been given to Safe RL, where an agent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Edwin Hamel-De le Court , Francesco Belardinelli , Alexander W. Goodall

We consider the problem of cooperative exploration where multiple robots need to cooperatively explore an unknown region as fast as possible. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has recently become a trending paradigm for solving this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Chao Yu , Xinyi Yang , Jiaxuan Gao , Jiayu Chen , Yunfei Li , Jijia Liu , Yunfei Xiang , Ruixin Huang , Huazhong Yang , Yi Wu , Yu Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is a widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique. However, current studies and applications need to address its scalability, non-stationarity, and trustworthiness. This paper aims to review…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ziyuan Zhou , Guanjun Liu , Ying Tang

This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Traditional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Zhiyuan Yao , Zihan Ding , Thomas Clausen

Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms has attracted a surge of interest lately mainly due to the recent advancements of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Conventional Model-Based (MB) or Model-Free (MF) RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Mohammad Salimibeni , Arash Mohammadi , Parvin Malekzadeh , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis

Deep reinforcement learning has recently emerged as a promising feedback control strategy for complex dynamical systems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). When dealing with distributed, high-dimensional problems in state and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Nicolò Botteghi , Matteo Tomasetto , Urban Fasel , Francesco Braghin , Andrea Manzoni

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) requires coordination to efficiently solve certain tasks. Fully centralized control is often infeasible in such domains due to the size of joint action spaces. Coordination graph based formalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Sheng Li , Jayesh K. Gupta , Peter Morales , Ross Allen , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), as a thriving field, explores how multiple agents independently make decisions in a shared dynamic environment. Due to environmental uncertainties, policies in MARL must remain robust to tackle the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Na Li , Zewu Zheng , Wei Ni , Hangguan Shan , Wenjie Zhang , Xinyu Li

The exploration-exploitation trade-off constitutes one of the fundamental challenges in reinforcement learning (RL), which is exacerbated in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) due to the exponential growth of joint state-action…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ye Han , Lijun Zhang , Dejian Meng , Zhuang Zhang

A novel reinforcement learning scheme to synthesize policies for continuous-space Markov decision processes (MDPs) is proposed. This scheme enables one to apply model-free, off-the-shelf reinforcement learning algorithms for finite MDPs to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-03 Abolfazl Lavaei , Fabio Somenzi , Sadegh Soudjani , Ashutosh Trivedi , Majid Zamani

Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaodong Yang , Chengdong Ma , Zihan Ding , Stephen McAleer , Chi Jin , Jun Wang , Tuomas Sandholm

Co-optimizing safety and performance in large-scale multi-agent systems remains a fundamental challenge. Existing approaches based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), safety filtering, or Model Predictive Control (MPC) either lack…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Manan Tayal , Aditya Singh , Shishir Kolathaya , Somil Bansal

Multi-agent reinforcement learning for incomplete information environments has attracted extensive attention from researchers. However, due to the slow sample collection and poor sample exploration, there are still some problems in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Shuhan Qi , Shuhao Zhang , Xiaohan Hou , Jiajia Zhang , Xuan Wang , Jing Xiao

A critical challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL) is for multiple agents to efficiently accomplish complex, long-horizon tasks. The agents often have difficulties in cooperating on common goals, dividing complex tasks, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Can Chang , Ni Mu , Jiajun Wu , Ling Pan , Huazhe Xu

Connected and autonomous vehicles across land, water, and air must often operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments with limited communication, no centralized control, and partial observability. These real-world constraints pose…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hung Du , Hy Nguyen , Srikanth Thudumu , Rajesh Vasa , Kon Mouzakis

Safety is an indispensable requirement for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real problems. Although there has been a surge of safe RL algorithms proposed in recent years, most existing work typically 1) relies on receiving numeric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Akifumi Wachi , Wataru Hashimoto , Kazumune Hashimoto

In recent years, Model-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has demonstrated significant advantages over model-free methods in terms of sample efficiency by using independent environment dynamics world models for data sample…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Zifeng Shi , Meiqin Liu , Senlin Zhang , Ronghao Zheng , Shanling Dong , Ping Wei

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has attracted much research attention recently. However, unlike its single-agent counterpart, many theoretical and algorithmic aspects of MARL have not been well-understood. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Siliang Zeng , Tianyi Chen , Alfredo Garcia , Mingyi Hong

We present a fully decentralized routing framework for multi-robot exploration missions operating under the constraints of a Lunar Delay-Tolerant Network (LDTN). In this setting, autonomous rovers must relay collected data to a lander under…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Beatriz Soret , Marc Sanchez Net , Abhishek Cauligi , Federico Rossi