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The Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) model is a widespread distributed and integrated learning method for large language models (LLM), which is favored due to its ability to sparsify and expand models efficiently. However, the performance of MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Xuan He , Li Zeng , Yi Lin , Entong Li , Binfan Zheng , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

MoE-PEFT methods combine Mixture of Experts with parameter-efficient fine-tuning for multi-task adaptation, but require separate adapters per expert causing trainable parameters to scale linearly with expert count and limiting applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Kowsher , Haris Mansoor , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Ozlem Garibay , Victor Zhu , Zhengping Ji , Chen Chen

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved astonishing successes in many domains, especially with the recent breakthroughs in the development of foundational large models. These large models, leveraging their extensive training data, provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Siyuan Mu , Sen Lin

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity by routing each token to a small subset of experts. However, their routers exhibit a fundamental trade-off: strong load balancing can suppress expert specialization, while aggressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gleb Molodtsov , Alexander Miasnikov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling large language models (LLMs) while maintaining inference efficiency. However, their enormous memory requirements make them prohibitively expensive to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zichong Li , Chen Liang , Zixuan Zhang , Ilgee Hong , Young Jin Kim , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

We introduce Kimi K2, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 32 billion activated parameters and 1 trillion total parameters. We propose the MuonClip optimizer, which improves upon Muon with a novel QK-clip technique to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Kimi Team , Yifan Bai , Yiping Bao , Y. Charles , Cheng Chen , Guanduo Chen , Haiting Chen , Huarong Chen , Jiahao Chen , Ningxin Chen , Ruijue Chen , Yanru Chen , Yuankun Chen , Yutian Chen , Zhuofu Chen , Jialei Cui , Hao Ding , Mengnan Dong , Angang Du , Chenzhuang Du , Dikang Du , Yulun Du , Yu Fan , Yichen Feng , Kelin Fu , Bofei Gao , Chenxiao Gao , Hongcheng Gao , Peizhong Gao , Tong Gao , Yuyao Ge , Shangyi Geng , Qizheng Gu , Xinran Gu , Longyu Guan , Haiqing Guo , Jianhang Guo , Xiaoru Hao , Tianhong He , Weiran He , Wenyang He , Yunjia He , Chao Hong , Hao Hu , Yangyang Hu , Zhenxing Hu , Weixiao Huang , Zhiqi Huang , Zihao Huang , Tao Jiang , Zhejun Jiang , Xinyi Jin , Yongsheng Kang , Guokun Lai , Cheng Li , Fang Li , Haoyang Li , Ming Li , Wentao Li , Yang Li , Yanhao Li , Yiwei Li , Zhaowei Li , Zheming Li , Hongzhan Lin , Xiaohan Lin , Zongyu Lin , Chengyin Liu , Chenyu Liu , Hongzhang Liu , Jingyuan Liu , Junqi Liu , Liang Liu , Shaowei Liu , T. Y. Liu , Tianwei Liu , Weizhou Liu , Yangyang Liu , Yibo Liu , Yiping Liu , Yue Liu , Zhengying Liu , Enzhe Lu , Haoyu Lu , Lijun Lu , Yashuo Luo , Shengling Ma , Xinyu Ma , Yingwei Ma , Shaoguang Mao , Jie Mei , Xin Men , Yibo Miao , Siyuan Pan , Yebo Peng , Ruoyu Qin , Zeyu Qin , Bowen Qu , Zeyu Shang , Lidong Shi , Shengyuan Shi , Feifan Song , Jianlin Su , Zhengyuan Su , Lin Sui , Xinjie Sun , Flood Sung , Yunpeng Tai , Heyi Tang , Jiawen Tao , Qifeng Teng , Chaoran Tian , Chensi Wang , Dinglu Wang , Feng Wang , Hailong Wang , Haiming Wang , Jianzhou Wang , Jiaxing Wang , Jinhong Wang , Shengjie Wang , Shuyi Wang , Si Wang , Xinyuan Wang , Yao Wang , Yejie Wang , Yiqin Wang , Yuxin Wang , Yuzhi Wang , Zhaoji Wang , Zhengtao Wang , Zhengtao Wang , Zhexu Wang , Chu Wei , Qianqian Wei , Haoning Wu , Wenhao Wu , Xingzhe Wu , Yuxin Wu , Chenjun Xiao , Jin Xie , Xiaotong Xie , Weimin Xiong , Boyu Xu , Jinjing Xu , L. H. Xu , Lin Xu , Suting Xu , Weixin Xu , Xinran Xu , Yangchuan Xu , Ziyao Xu , Jing Xu , Jing Xu , Junjie Yan , Yuzi Yan , Hao Yang , Xiaofei Yang , Yi Yang , Ying Yang , Zhen Yang , Zhilin Yang , Zonghan Yang , Haotian Yao , Xingcheng Yao , Wenjie Ye , Zhuorui Ye , Bohong Yin , Longhui Yu , Enming Yuan , Hongbang Yuan , Mengjie Yuan , Siyu Yuan , Haobing Zhan , Dehao Zhang , Hao Zhang , Wanlu Zhang , Xiaobin Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yangkun Zhang , Yichi Zhang , Yizhi Zhang , Yongting Zhang , Yu Zhang , Yutao Zhang , Yutong Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Haotian Zhao , Yikai Zhao , Zijia Zhao , Huabin Zheng , Shaojie Zheng , Longguang Zhong , Jianren Zhou , Xinyu Zhou , Zaida Zhou , Jinguo Zhu , Zhen Zhu , Weiyu Zhuang , Xinxing Zu

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to decoupling model capacity from computational cost. At the core of the MoE model is the router, which learns the underlying clustering structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Stefan K. Nielsen , Rachel S. Y. Teo , Laziz U. Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) face a trilemma of load imbalance, parameter redundancy, and communication overhead. We introduce a unified framework based on dynamic expert clustering and structured compression to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Peijun Zhu , Ning Yang , Baoliang Tian , Jiayu Wei , Weihao Zhang , Haijun Zhang , Pin Lv

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown remarkable capability in instruction tuning, especially when the number of tasks scales. However, previous methods simply merge all training tasks (e.g. creative writing, coding, and mathematics)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tong Zhu , Daize Dong , Xiaoye Qu , Jiacheng Ruan , Wenliang Chen , Yu Cheng

Industrial recommender systems critically depend on high-quality ranking models. However, traditional pipelines still rely on manual feature engineering and scenario-specific architectures, which hinder cross-scenario transfer and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xianyang Qi , Yuan Tian , Zhaoyu Hu , Zhirui Kuai , Chang Liu , Hongxiang Lin , Lei Wang

By increasing model parameters but activating them sparsely when performing a task, the use of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without increasing the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models based on Transformer architecture are pushing the boundaries of language and vision tasks. The allure of these models lies in their ability to substantially increase the parameter count without a…

A sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a highly scalable solution by conditionally activating sub-modules without a proportional increase in computational costs. However, improving expert specialization to enhance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sugyeong Eo , Jungjun Lee , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

The training of large-scale Mixture of Experts (MoE) models faces a critical memory bottleneck due to severe load imbalance caused by dynamic token routing. This imbalance leads to memory overflow on GPUs with limited capacity, constraining…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a neural network architecture that adds sparsely activated expert blocks to a base model, increasing the number of parameters without impacting computational costs. However, current distributed deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Siddharth Singh , Olatunji Ruwase , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He , Abhinav Bhatele

Masked Autoencoder~(MAE) is a prevailing self-supervised learning method that achieves promising results in model pre-training. However, when the various downstream tasks have data distributions different from the pre-training data, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Zhili Liu , Kai Chen , Jianhua Han , Lanqing Hong , Hang Xu , Zhenguo Li , James T. Kwok

We introduce Yuan3.0 Ultra, an open-source Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model featuring 68.8B activated parameters and 1010B total parameters, specially designed to enhance performance on enterprise scenarios tasks while…

We introduce phi-3-mini, a 3.8 billion parameter language model trained on 3.3 trillion tokens, whose overall performance, as measured by both academic benchmarks and internal testing, rivals that of models such as Mixtral 8x7B and GPT-3.5…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Marah Abdin , Jyoti Aneja , Hany Awadalla , Ahmed Awadallah , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Nguyen Bach , Amit Bahree , Arash Bakhtiari , Jianmin Bao , Harkirat Behl , Alon Benhaim , Misha Bilenko , Johan Bjorck , Sébastien Bubeck , Martin Cai , Qin Cai , Vishrav Chaudhary , Dong Chen , Dongdong Chen , Weizhu Chen , Yen-Chun Chen , Yi-Ling Chen , Hao Cheng , Parul Chopra , Xiyang Dai , Matthew Dixon , Ronen Eldan , Victor Fragoso , Jianfeng Gao , Mei Gao , Min Gao , Amit Garg , Allie Del Giorno , Abhishek Goswami , Suriya Gunasekar , Emman Haider , Junheng Hao , Russell J. Hewett , Wenxiang Hu , Jamie Huynh , Dan Iter , Sam Ade Jacobs , Mojan Javaheripi , Xin Jin , Nikos Karampatziakis , Piero Kauffmann , Mahoud Khademi , Dongwoo Kim , Young Jin Kim , Lev Kurilenko , James R. Lee , Yin Tat Lee , Yuanzhi Li , Yunsheng Li , Chen Liang , Lars Liden , Xihui Lin , Zeqi Lin , Ce Liu , Liyuan Liu , Mengchen Liu , Weishung Liu , Xiaodong Liu , Chong Luo , Piyush Madan , Ali Mahmoudzadeh , David Majercak , Matt Mazzola , Caio César Teodoro Mendes , Arindam Mitra , Hardik Modi , Anh Nguyen , Brandon Norick , Barun Patra , Daniel Perez-Becker , Thomas Portet , Reid Pryzant , Heyang Qin , Marko Radmilac , Liliang Ren , Gustavo de Rosa , Corby Rosset , Sambudha Roy , Olatunji Ruwase , Olli Saarikivi , Amin Saied , Adil Salim , Michael Santacroce , Shital Shah , Ning Shang , Hiteshi Sharma , Yelong Shen , Swadheen Shukla , Xia Song , Masahiro Tanaka , Andrea Tupini , Praneetha Vaddamanu , Chunyu Wang , Guanhua Wang , Lijuan Wang , Shuohang Wang , Xin Wang , Yu Wang , Rachel Ward , Wen Wen , Philipp Witte , Haiping Wu , Xiaoxia Wu , Michael Wyatt , Bin Xiao , Can Xu , Jiahang Xu , Weijian Xu , Jilong Xue , Sonali Yadav , Fan Yang , Jianwei Yang , Yifan Yang , Ziyi Yang , Donghan Yu , Lu Yuan , Chenruidong Zhang , Cyril Zhang , Jianwen Zhang , Li Lyna Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yue Zhang , Yunan Zhang , Xiren Zhou

A pivotal advancement in the progress of large language models (LLMs) is the emergence of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) LLMs. Compared to traditional LLMs, MoE LLMs can achieve higher performance with fewer parameters, but it is still hard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Xudong Lu , Qi Liu , Yuhui Xu , Aojun Zhou , Siyuan Huang , Bo Zhang , Junchi Yan , Hongsheng Li