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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents with access to executable tools, enabling direct interaction with external systems. However, most safety evaluations remain text-centric and assume that compliant language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shasha Yu , Fiona Carroll , Barry L. Bentley

Language model (LM) agents have demonstrated significant potential for automating real-world tasks, yet they pose a diverse array of potential, severe risks in safety-critical scenarios. In this work, we identify a significant gap between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yuzhi Tang , Tianxiao Li , Elizabeth Li , Chris J. Maddison , Honghua Dong , Yangjun Ruan

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents, their integration into interactive environments and tool use introduce new safety challenges beyond those associated with the models themselves. However, the absence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhexin Zhang , Shiyao Cui , Yida Lu , Jingzhuo Zhou , Junxiao Yang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

As large language models (LLMs) evolve from conversational assistants into autonomous agents, evaluating the safety of their actions becomes critical. Prior safety benchmarks have primarily focused on preventing generation of harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Adi Simhi , Jonathan Herzig , Martin Tutek , Itay Itzhak , Idan Szpektor , Yonatan Belinkov

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly act through external tools, making their safety contingent on tool-call workflows rather than text generation alone. While recent benchmarks evaluate agents across diverse environments and risk…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xuan Chen , Lu Yan , Ruqi Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities as autonomous agents through tool use, planning, and decision-making abilities, leading to their widespread adoption across diverse tasks. As task complexity grows,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Ishan Kavathekar , Hemang Jain , Ameya Rathod , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Tanuja Ganu

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit substantial promise in enhancing task-planning capabilities within embodied agents due to their advanced reasoning and comprehension. However, the systemic safety of these agents remains an underexplored…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yuting Huang , Leilei Ding , Zhipeng Tang , Tianfu Wang , Xinrui Lin , Wuyang Zhang , Mingxiao Ma , Yanyong Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) rapidly evolve, they bring significant conveniences to our work and daily lives, but also introduce considerable safety risks. These models can generate texts with social biases or unethical content, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhihao Liu , Chenhui Hu

Solving complex or long-horizon problems often requires large language models (LLMs) to use external tools and operate over a significantly longer context window. New LLMs enable longer context windows and support tool calling capabilities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Tsimur Hadeliya , Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Nidhi Sakpal , Diogo Cruz

Evaluating aligned large language models' (LLMs) ability to recognize and reject unsafe user requests is crucial for safe, policy-compliant deployments. Existing evaluation efforts, however, face three limitations that we address with…

The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal

While LLM-based agents can interact with environments via invoking external tools, their expanded capabilities also amplify security risks. Monitoring step-level tool invocation behaviors in real time and proactively intervening before…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yutao Mou , Zhangchi Xue , Lijun Li , Peiyang Liu , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye , Jing Shao

Given the growing influence of language model-based agents on high-stakes societal decisions, from public policy to healthcare, ensuring their beneficial impact requires understanding the far-reaching implications of their suggestions. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Chenkai Sun , Denghui Zhang , ChengXiang Zhai , Heng Ji

Red-teaming has been a widely adopted way to evaluate the harmfulness of Large Language Models (LLMs). It aims to jailbreak a model's safety behavior to make it act as a helpful agent disregarding the harmfulness of the query. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Rishabh Bhardwaj , Soujanya Poria

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in medical contexts, raising critical concerns about safety, alignment, and susceptibility to adversarial manipulation. While prior benchmarks assess model refusal capabilities for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Sijia Chen , Xiaomin Li , Mengxue Zhang , Eric Hanchen Jiang , Qingcheng Zeng , Chen-Hsiang Yu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly considered for deployment as the control component of robotic health attendants, yet their safety in this context remains poorly characterized. We introduce a dataset of 270 harmful instructions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Mahiro Nakao , Kazuhiro Takemoto

Text-based safety classifiers are widely used for content moderation and increasingly to tune generative language model behavior - a topic of growing concern for the safety of digital assistants and chatbots. However, different policies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Maximilian Mozes , Jessica Hoffmann , Katrin Tomanek , Muhamed Kouate , Nithum Thain , Ann Yuan , Tolga Bolukbasi , Lucas Dixon

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked concerns over their potential to acquire and misuse dangerous or high-risk capabilities, posing frontier risks. Current safety evaluations primarily test for what a model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Udari Madhushani Sehwag , Shayan Shabihi , Alex McAvoy , Vikash Sehwag , Yuancheng Xu , Dalton Towers , Furong Huang

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents extend LLM capabilities by enabling access to tools such as data sources, APIs, search engines, code sandboxes, and even other agents. While this empowers agents to perform complex tasks, LLMs may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aarya Doshi , Yining Hong , Congying Xu , Eunsuk Kang , Alexandros Kapravelos , Christian Kästner
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