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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Emile Anand , Abdullah Ateyeh , Xinyuan Cao , Max Dabagia

Human cognition, driven by complex neurochemical processes, oscillates between imagination and reality and learns to self-correct whenever such subtle drifts lead to hallucinations or unsafe associations. In recent years, LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Sharanya Dasgupta , Arkaprabha Basu , Sujoy Nath , Swagatam Das

Large language models deployed at runtime can misbehave in ways that clean-data validation cannot anticipate: training-time backdoors lie dormant until triggered, jailbreaks subvert safety alignment, and prompt injections override the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nay Myat Min , Long H. Pham , Jun Sun

LLM agents increasingly rely on persistent state, including transcripts, summaries, retrieved context, and memory buffers, to support long-horizon interaction. This makes safety depend not only on individual model outputs, but also on what…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yian Wang , Agam Goyal , Yuen Chen , Hari Sundaram

In recent years, pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in achieving an inference-time few-shot learning capability known as in-context learning. However, existing literature has highlighted the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Xinyi Wang , Wanrong Zhu , Michael Saxon , Mark Steyvers , William Yang Wang

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) equips Large Language Models (LLMs) with strong reasoning capabilities, it requires models to verbalize every intermediate step in text tokens, constraining the model thoughts to the discrete vocabulary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Weihao Liu , Dehai Min , Lu Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks despite their impressive capabilities. Investigating these weaknesses is crucial for robust safety mechanisms. Existing attacks primarily distract LLMs by introducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Peng Ding , Jun Kuang , Wen Sun , Zongyu Wang , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

Multi-turn prompt injection follows a known attack path -- trust-building, pivoting, escalation but text-level defenses miss covert attacks where individual turns appear benign. We show this attack path leaves an activation-level signature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Prashant Kulkarni

The proliferation of jailbreak attacks against large language models (LLMs) highlights the need for robust security measures. However, in multi-round dialogues, malicious intentions may be hidden in interactions, leading LLMs to be more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Weiyang Guo , Jing Li , Wenya Wang , YU LI , Daojing He , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, especially when guided by explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning that verbalizes intermediate steps. While CoT improves both interpretability and accuracy,…

End-to-end autonomous driving systems are increasingly integrating Vision-Language Model (VLM) architectures, incorporating text reasoning or visual reasoning to enhance the robustness and accuracy of driving decisions. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Lingjun Zhang , Changjie Wu , Linzhe Shi , Jiangyang Li , Jiaxin Liu , Lei Yang , Hang Zhang , Mu Xu , Hong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable capabilities across financial tasks, including financial report summarization, earnings call transcript analysis, and asset classification. However, their real-world effectiveness in…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Changlun Li , Yao Shi , Chen Wang , Qiqi Duan , Runke Ruan , Weijie Huang , Haonan Long , Lijun Huang , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

Existing jailbreak defense paradigms primarily rely on static detection of prompts, outputs, or internal states, often neglecting the dynamic evolution of risk during decoding. This oversight leaves risk signals embedded in decoding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Cheng Liu , Xiaolei Liu , Xingyu Li , Bangzhou Xin , Kangyi Ding

We present a novel non attention based architecture for large language models (LLMs) that efficiently handles very long context windows, on the order of hundreds of thousands to potentially millions of tokens. Unlike traditional Transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Andrew Kiruluta , Preethi Raju , Priscilla Burity

Decompositional jailbreaks pose a critical threat to large language models (LLMs) by allowing adversaries to fragment a malicious objective into a sequence of individually benign queries that collectively reconstruct prohibited content. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Bowen Sun , Chaozhuo Li , Yaodong Yang , Yiwei Wang , Chaowei Xiao

We introduce the State Stream Transformer (SST), a novel LLM architecture that reveals emergent reasoning behaviours and capabilities latent in pretrained weights through addressing a fundamental limitation in traditional transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Thea Aviss

The rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities across various domains and applications; yet it also presents challenges related to potential misuse. To mitigate such risks, red teaming has been employed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yifan Jiang , Kriti Aggarwal , Tanmay Laud , Kashif Munir , Jay Pujara , Subhabrata Mukherjee

As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, concerns about their safe deployment have also grown. Although alignment mechanisms have been introduced to deter misuse, they remain vulnerable to carefully designed adversarial prompts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xinbo Wu , Abhishek Umrawal , Lav R. Varshney

While LLMs demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities when provided with full information in a single turn, they exhibit substantial vulnerability in multi-turn interactions. Specifically, when information is revealed incrementally or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xingwu Chen , Zhanqiu Zhang , Yiwen Guo , Difan Zou

High-risk industries like nuclear and aviation use real-time monitoring to detect dangerous system conditions. Similarly, Large Language Models (LLMs) need monitoring safeguards. We propose a real-time framework to predict harmful AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Maheep Chaudhary , Fazl Barez