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Learning in multi-agent scenarios is a fruitful research direction, but current approaches still show scalability problems in multiple games with general reward settings and different opponent types. The Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Diego Perez-Liebana , Katja Hofmann , Sharada Prasanna Mohanty , Noboru Kuno , Andre Kramer , Sam Devlin , Raluca D. Gaina , Daniel Ionita

Deception is prevalent in human social settings. However, studies into the effect of deception on reinforcement learning algorithms have been limited to simplistic settings, restricting their applicability to complex real-world problems.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Matthew Aitchison , Lyndon Benke , Penny Sweetser

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has advanced the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling autonomous agents that can conduct effective multi-turn and tool-integrated reasoning. While instructions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Han Zhou , Xingchen Wan , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled understanding webpage contexts, product details, and human instructions. Utilizing LLMs as the foundational architecture for either reward models or policies in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shuang Feng , Grace Feng

As agentic AI becomes more widespread, agents with distinct and possibly conflicting goals will interact in complex ways. These multi-agent interactions pose a fundamental challenge, particularly in social dilemmas, where agents' individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Dereck Piche , Mohammed Muqeeth , Milad Aghajohari , Juan Duque , Michael Noukhovitch , Aaron Courville

Game environments provide rich, controllable settings that stimulate many aspects of real-world complexity. As such, game agents offer a valuable testbed for exploring capabilities relevant to Artificial General Intelligence. Recently, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Rao Kompella , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Ling Liu

Multi-agents has exhibited significant intelligence in real-word simulations with Large language models (LLMs) due to the capabilities of social cognition and knowledge retrieval. However, existing research on agents equipped with effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yajie Yu , Yue Feng

Online question-and-answer (Q\&A) systems based on the Large Language Model (LLM) have progressively diverged from recreational to professional use. This paper proposed a Multi-Agent framework with environmentally reinforcement learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Jiapeng Yu , Yuqian Wu , Yajing Zhan , Wenhao Guo , Zhou Xu , Raymond Lee

Humans face countless scenarios that require reasoning and judgment in daily life. However, existing large language model training methods primarily allow models to learn from existing textual content or solve predetermined problems,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yin Cai , Zhouhong Gu , Juntao Zhang , Ping Chen

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities across complex natural language tasks, enabling their widespread use as virtual assistants for diverse applications such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar

By formally defining the training processes of large language models (LLMs), which usually encompasses pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning with human feedback, within a single and unified machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Yang Liu , Peng Sun , Hang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to automated code generation, yet existing approaches operate within a single-LLM paradigm: one model is selected and applied throughout the entire generation process. We observe that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Huashan Chen , Zhenyu Qi , Haotang Li , Hong Chen , Jinfu Chen , Kebin Peng , In Kee Kim , Kyu Hyung Lee , Sen He , Weiyi Shang

Extensive-form games provide a versatile framework for modeling interactions of multiple agents subjected to imperfect observations and stochastic events. In recent years, two paradigms, policy space response oracles (PSRO) and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Xinrun Wang , Jakub Cerny , Shuxin Li , Chang Yang , Zhuyun Yin , Hau Chan , Bo An

Agentic AI systems built on large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential for automating complex workflows, from software development to customer support. However, LLM agents often underperform due to suboptimal configurations;…

Equipping large language models (LLMs) with complex, interleaved reasoning and tool-use capabilities has become a key focus in agentic AI research, especially with recent advances in reasoning-oriented (``thinking'') models. Such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Shrey Pandit , Revanth Gangi Reddy , Austin Xu , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

We investigate the usage of Large Language Model (LLM) in collecting high-quality data to warm-start Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for learning in some classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) environments. In this work, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Thang Duong , Minglai Yang , Chicheng Zhang

Reinforcement learning algorithms typically struggle in the absence of a dense, well-shaped reward function. Intrinsically motivated exploration methods address this limitation by rewarding agents for visiting novel states or transitions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yuqing Du , Olivia Watkins , Zihan Wang , Cédric Colas , Trevor Darrell , Pieter Abbeel , Abhishek Gupta , Jacob Andreas

Credit assignment, the process of attributing credit or blame to individual agents for their contributions to a team's success or failure, remains a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), particularly in…

Large language models are transforming systems research by automating the discovery of performance-critical algorithms for computer systems. Despite plausible codes generated by LLMs, producing solutions that meet the stringent correctness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hongyuan Su , Yu Zheng , Yong Li

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) lies at the heart of a plethora of applications involving the interaction of a group of agents in a shared unknown environment. A prominent framework for studying MARL is Markov games, with the goal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Tong Yang , Bo Dai , Lin Xiao , Yuejie Chi