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Understanding how neural networks arrive at their predictions is essential for debugging, auditing, and deployment. Mechanistic interpretability pursues this goal by identifying circuits - minimal subnetworks responsible for specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Alaa Anani , Tobias Lorenz , Bernt Schiele , Mario Fritz , Jonas Fischer

Many proposed applications of neural networks in machine learning, cognitive/brain science, and society hinge on the feasibility of inner interpretability via circuit discovery. This calls for empirical and theoretical explorations of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Federico Adolfi , Martina G. Vilas , Todd Wareham

Mechanistic interpretability work attempts to reverse engineer the learned algorithms present inside neural networks. One focus of this work has been to discover 'circuits' -- subgraphs of the full model that explain behaviour on specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Joseph Miller , Bilal Chughtai , William Saunders

Transparency of neural networks' internal reasoning is at the heart of interpretability research, adding to trust, safety, and understanding of these models. The field of mechanistic interpretability has recently focused on studying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Nina Żukowska , Wolfgang Stammer , Bernt Schiele , Jonas Fischer

Through considerable effort and intuition, several recent works have reverse-engineered nontrivial behaviors of transformer models. This paper systematizes the mechanistic interpretability process they followed. First, researchers choose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Arthur Conmy , Augustine N. Mavor-Parker , Aengus Lynch , Stefan Heimersheim , Adrià Garriga-Alonso

Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) aims to reverse-engineer model behaviors by identifying functional sub-networks. Yet, the scientific validity of these findings depends on their stability. In this work, we argue that circuit discovery is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maxime Méloux , François Portet , Maxime Peyrard

Mechanistic interpretability produces circuit-level causal analyses of neural network behaviour, but discovered circuits often remain isolated experimental artefacts: there is no shared formal representation for what circuits compute, how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Nura Aljaafari , Danilo S. Carvalho , Andre Freitas

Mechanistic interpretability often identifies circuits inside Transformer models, but explanations of those circuits are usually validated through examples, ablations, and manual reasoning. This leaves a gap between finding a plausible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Neel Somani

End-to-end deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success across various domains but are often criticized for their lack of interpretability. While post hoc explanation methods attempt to address this issue, they often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Weixin Chen , Simon Yu , Huajie Shao , Lui Sha , Han Zhao

Neuron identification is a popular tool in mechanistic interpretability, aiming to uncover the human-interpretable concepts represented by individual neurons in deep networks. While algorithms such as Network Dissection and CLIP-Dissect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ge Yan , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tsui-Wei , Weng

A widely used strategy to discover and understand language model mechanisms is circuit analysis. A circuit is a minimal subgraph of a model's computation graph that executes a specific task. We identify a gap in existing circuit discovery…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Tal Haklay , Hadas Orgad , David Bau , Aaron Mueller , Yonatan Belinkov

Mechanistic interpretability aims to understand neural networks by identifying which learned features mediate specific behaviors. Attribution graphs reveal these feature pathways, but interpreting them requires extensive manual analysis --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Giuseppe Birardi

One of the main challenges in mechanistic interpretability is circuit discovery, determining which parts of a model perform a given task. We build on the Mechanistic Interpretability Benchmark (MIB) and propose three key improvements to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yaniv Nikankin , Dana Arad , Itay Itzhak , Anja Reusch , Adi Simhi , Gal Kesten-Pomeranz , Yonatan Belinkov

Automated interpretability research has recently attracted attention as a potential research direction that could scale explanations of neural network behavior to large models. Existing automated circuit discovery work applies activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Aaquib Syed , Can Rager , Arthur Conmy

Mechanistic interpretability has transformed the analysis of transformer circuits by decomposing model behavior into competing algorithms, identifying phase transitions during training, and deriving closed-form predictions for when and why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Alma Lago

As AI systems are used in high-stakes applications, ensuring interpretability is crucial. Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) aims to reverse-engineer neural networks by extracting human-understandable algorithms to explain their behavior.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Maxime Méloux , Silviu Maniu , François Portet , Maxime Peyrard

Formal explainability guarantees the rigor of computed explanations, and so it is paramount in domains where rigor is critical, including those deemed high-risk. Unfortunately, since its inception formal explainability has been hampered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

How can we know whether new mechanistic interpretability methods achieve real improvements? In pursuit of lasting evaluation standards, we propose MIB, a Mechanistic Interpretability Benchmark, with two tracks spanning four tasks and five…

Mechanistic Interpretability aims to understand neural networks through causal explanations. We argue for the Explanatory View Hypothesis: that Mechanistic Interpretability research is a principled approach to understanding models because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Kola Ayonrinde , Louis Jaburi

Following their success across many domains, transformers have also proven effective for symbolic regression (SR); however, the internal mechanisms underlying their generation of mathematical operators remain largely unexplored. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Arco van Breda , Erman Acar
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