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As frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly saturate new benchmarks shortly after they are published, benchmarking itself is at a juncture: if frontier models keep improving, it will become increasingly hard for humans to generate…

Existing AI system benchmarks such as MLPerf often struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving AI landscape, making it difficult to support informed deployment, optimization, and co-design decisions for AI systems. We suggest that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Grigori Fursin , Daniel Altunay

Modern AI progress has been driven by ML methods that are generalizable across settings and scalable to larger regimes. As large language models demonstrate advanced capabilities in reasoning, coding, and engineering tasks, it is…

In this paper we present the first steps towards hardening the science of measuring AI systems, by adopting metrology, the science of measurement and its application, and applying it to human (crowd) powered evaluations. We begin with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Chris Welty , Praveen Paritosh , Lora Aroyo

Benchmarks are essential for quantitatively tracking progress in AI. As AI agents become increasingly capable, researchers and practitioners have introduced agentic benchmarks to evaluate agents on complex, real-world tasks. These…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now used across nearly every industry, making AI model quality essential for building reliable and trustworthy systems. Historically, correctness has been the main focus, but industry AI models must also…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Chenyu Wang , Zhou Yang , Yunbo Lyu , Ze Shi Li , Daniela Damian , David Lo

Benchmarks underpin how progress in large language models (LLMs) is measured and trusted. Yet our analyses reveal that apparent convergence in benchmark accuracy can conceal deep epistemic divergence. Using two major reasoning benchmarks -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Eddie Yang , Dashun Wang

Benchmarks are seen as the cornerstone for measuring technical progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research and have been developed for a variety of tasks ranging from question answering to facial recognition. An increasingly prominent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Travis LaCroix , Alexandra Sasha Luccioni

Large language models (LLMs) often generate responses that deviate from user input or training data, a phenomenon known as "hallucination." These hallucinations undermine user trust and hinder the adoption of generative AI systems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yejin Bang , Ziwei Ji , Alan Schelten , Anthony Hartshorn , Tara Fowler , Cheng Zhang , Nicola Cancedda , Pascale Fung

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance in a wide range of medical benchmarks. Yet underneath the seemingly promising results lie salient growth areas, especially in cutting-edge frontiers such as multimodal…

Amid the expanding use of pre-training data, the phenomenon of benchmark dataset leakage has become increasingly prominent, exacerbated by opaque training processes and the often undisclosed inclusion of supervised data in contemporary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ruijie Xu , Zengzhi Wang , Run-Ze Fan , Pengfei Liu

The Bhatt Conjectures framework introduces rigorous, hierarchical benchmarks for evaluating AI reasoning and understanding, moving beyond pattern matching to assess representation invariance, robustness, and metacognitive self-awareness.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Manish Bhatt

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have become increasingly popular in many areas. Nevertheless, AI technologies are still in their developing stages, and many issues need to be addressed. Among those, the reliability of AI systems needs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Yili Hong , Jiayi Lian , Li Xu , Jie Min , Yueyao Wang , Laura J. Freeman , Xinwei Deng

Model monitoring involves analyzing AI algorithms once they have been deployed and detecting changes in their behaviour. This thesis explores machine learning model monitoring ML before the predictions impact real-world decisions or users.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Carlos Mougan

While games have been used extensively as milestones to evaluate game-playing AI, there exists no standardised framework for reporting the obtained observations. As a result, it remains difficult to draw general conclusions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks

Benchmarks play a significant role in how technology companies communicate about model capabilities and how researchers and the public understand generative AI systems. However, existing benchmarks have been criticized for their failure to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Charlotte Li , Nick Hagar , Sachita Nishal , Jeremy Gilbert , Nick Diakopoulos

As artificial intelligence increasingly influences our world, it becomes crucial to assess its technical progress and societal impact. This paper surveys problems and opportunities in the measurement of AI systems and their impact, based on…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Saurabh Mishra , Jack Clark , C. Raymond Perrault

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have increased the demand for comprehensive benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities as human-like agents. Existing benchmarks, while useful, often focus on specific application scenarios,…

The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is having an growing impact on the climate due to the substantial energy required for their deployment and use. To create awareness for developers who are implementing LLMs in their products,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 K. Pronk , Q. Zhao

The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal