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Text generation with Large Language Models (LLMs) is known to be memory bound due to the combination of their auto-regressive nature, huge parameter counts, and limited memory bandwidths, often resulting in low token rates. Speculative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Raghavv Goel , Mukul Gagrani , Wonseok Jeon , Junyoung Park , Mingu Lee , Christopher Lott

Large language models (LLMs) power modern AI applications, but processing sensitive data on untrusted servers raises privacy concerns. Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables computation on encrypted data for secure inference. However, neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Matan Avitan , Moran Baruch , Nir Drucker , Itamar Zimerman , Yoav Goldberg

As a crucial building block in vertical Federated Learning (vFL), Split Learning (SL) has demonstrated its practice in the two-party model training collaboration, where one party holds the features of data samples and another party holds…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Shangyu Xie , Xin Yang , Yuanshun Yao , Tianyi Liu , Taiqing Wang , Jiankai Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly transformed natural language understanding and generation, but they raise privacy concerns due to potential exposure of sensitive information. Studies have highlighted the risk of information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Bishnu Bhusal , Manoj Acharya , Ramneet Kaur , Colin Samplawski , Anirban Roy , Adam D. Cobb , Rohit Chadha , Susmit Jha

Large language model (LLM) inference has been a prevalent demand in daily life and industries. The large tensor sizes and computing complexities in LLMs have brought challenges to memory, computing, and databus. This paper proposes a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yimin Wang , Yue Jiet Chong , Xuanyao Fong

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is closely linked to their underlying size, leading to ever-growing networks and hence slower inference. Speculative decoding has been proposed as a technique to accelerate autoregressive…

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding data privacy. This study aims to investigate the potential for privacy invasion through input reconstruction attacks, in which a malicious model provider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Zhipeng Wan , Anda Cheng , Yinggui Wang , Lei Wang

Distributed inference of large language models (LLMs) using tensor parallelism can introduce communication overheads of $20$% even over GPUs connected via NVLink, a high-speed GPU interconnect. Several techniques have been proposed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Raja Gond , Nipun Kwatra , Ramachandran Ramjee

Natural Language Processing (NLP) operations, such as semantic sentiment analysis and text synthesis, often raise privacy concerns and demand significant on-device computational resources. Centralized learning (CL) on the edge provides an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ahmed Y. Radwan , Mohammad Shehab , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Large Language Model (LLM)-based recommendation systems leverage powerful language models to generate personalized suggestions by processing user interactions and preferences. Unlike traditional recommendation systems that rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Tina Khezresmaeilzadeh , Jiang Zhang , Dimitrios Andreadis , Konstantinos Psounis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in sensitive domains, including healthcare, finance, and legal services, raising concerns about potential private information leaks during inference. Privacy extraction attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinwen He , Yiyang Lu , Zijin Lin , Kai Chen , Yue Zhao

With the increasing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) on mobile and edge platforms, securing them against model extraction attacks has become a pressing concern. However, protecting model privacy without sacrificing the performance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Tushar Nayan , Ziqi Zhang , Ruimin Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks, but their tendency to memorize training data poses significant privacy risks, particularly during fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity due to their remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, despite their widespread deployment in inference services such as ChatGPT, concerns about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Haoqi Wu , Wei Dai , Li Wang , Qiang Yan

The past few years has witnessed specialized large language model (LLM) inference systems, such as vLLM, SGLang, Mooncake, and DeepFlow, alongside rapid LLM adoption via services like ChatGPT. Driving these system design efforts is the…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-30 James Pan , Guoliang Li

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from high inference latency due to the auto-regressive decoding process. Speculative decoding accelerates inference by generating multiple draft tokens using a lightweight model and verifying them in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Shiyu ji , Yuzhuang Xu , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

To mitigate the Memory Wall bottleneck encountered by Large Language Models (LLMs) during inference on \textbf{NPU} hardware, and addressing the scarcity of native support for mainstream speculative decoding algorithms on domestic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yuntao Dai , Jing Wu , Hang Gu , Teng Wang

Accurate privacy evaluation of textual data remains a critical challenge in privacy-preserving natural language processing. Recent work has shown that large language models (LLMs) can serve as reliable privacy evaluators, achieving strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Gabriel Loiseau , Damien Sileo , Damien Riquet , Maxime Meyer , Marc Tommasi

This work examines latency, throughput, and other metrics when performing inference on confidential GPUs. We explore different traffic patterns and scheduling strategies using a single Virtual Machine with one NVIDIA H100 GPU, to perform…

Vision-language models (VLMs) frequently generate hallucinated content plausible but incorrect claims about image content. We propose a training-free self-correction framework enabling VLMs to iteratively refine responses through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Kassoum Sanogo , Renzo Ardiccioni