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While recent breakthroughs have proven the ability of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices to achieve quantum advantage in classically-intractable sampling tasks, the use of these devices for solving more practically relevant…

Variational quantum algorithms are viewed as promising candidates for demonstrating quantum advantage on near-term devices. These approaches typically involve the training of parameterized quantum circuits through a classical optimization…

Variational Quantum Algorithms have emerged as a leading paradigm for near-term quantum computation. In such algorithms, a parameterized quantum circuit is controlled via a classical optimization method that seeks to minimize a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Javier Rivera-Dean , Patrick Huembeli , Antonio Acín , Joseph Bowles

The barren plateau phenomenon; where cost function gradients vanish exponentially with system size; remains a fundamental obstacle to training variational quantum circuits (VQCs) at scale. We demonstrate, both theoretically and numerically,…

We propose an algorithm for variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) to optimize the structure of parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) efficiently. The algorithm optimizes the PQC structure on-the-fly in VQA by sequentially replacing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Kaito Wada , Rudy Raymond , Yuki Sato , Hiroshi C. Watanabe

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have generated excitement around the possibility of efficiently analyzing quantum data. But this excitement has been tempered by the existence of exponentially vanishing gradients, known as barren plateau…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Arthur Pesah , M. Cerezo , Samson Wang , Tyler Volkoff , Andrew T. Sornborger , Patrick J. Coles

Variational Quantum Circuits are being used as versatile Quantum Machine Learning models. Some empirical results exhibit an advantage in supervised and generative learning tasks. However, when applied to Reinforcement Learning, less is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 André Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos , Luís Soares Barbosa

This paper presents an easy-to-implement approach to mitigate the challenges posed by barren plateaus (BPs) in randomly initialized parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) within variational quantum algorithms (VQAs). Recent state-of-the-art…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-10 Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Shafique

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) optimize the parameters $\vec{\theta}$ of a parametrized quantum circuit $V(\vec{\theta})$ to minimize a cost function $C$. While VQAs may enable practical applications of noisy quantum computers, they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 M. Cerezo , Akira Sone , Tyler Volkoff , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Variational quantum algorithms rely on gradient based optimization to iteratively minimize a cost function evaluated by measuring output(s) of a quantum processor. A barren plateau is the phenomenon of exponentially vanishing gradients in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Alexey Uvarov , Jacob Biamonte

Barren plateaus present a major challenge in the training of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), particularly for large-scale discretizations of nonlinear partial differential equations. In this work, we introduce a domain decomposition…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Laila S. Busaleh , Jeonghyeuk Kwon , Orlane Zang , Muhammad Hassan , Yvon Maday

The barren plateau phenomenon, where the gradients of parametrized quantum circuits become vanishingly small, poses a significant challenge in quantum machine learning. While previous studies attempted to explain the barren plateau…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Yuhan Yao , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

The parameters of the quantum circuit in a variational quantum algorithm induce a landscape that contains the relevant information regarding its optimization hardness. In this work we investigate such landscapes through the lens of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Adrián Pérez-Salinas , Hao Wang , Xavier Bonet-Monroig

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) promise efficient use of near-term quantum computers. However, training VQAs often requires an extensive amount of time and suffers from the barren plateau problem where the magnitude of the gradients…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-24 Tobias Haug , M. S. Kim

Variational quantum computing offers a flexible computational paradigm with applications in diverse areas. However, a key obstacle to realizing their potential is the Barren Plateau (BP) phenomenon. When a model exhibits a BP, its parameter…

Machine learning algorithms, both in their classical and quantum versions, heavily rely on optimization algorithms based on gradients, such as gradient descent and alike. The overall performance is dependent on the appearance of local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-26 Pablo Bermejo , Borja Aizpurua , Roman Orus

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) connects many small quantum processors into a single logical machine, offering a practical route to scalable quantum computation. However, most existing DQC paradigms are structure-agnostic. Circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yuwen Huang , Xiaojun Lin , Bin Luo , John C. S. Lui

The training of a parameterized model largely depends on the landscape of the underlying loss function. In particular, vanishing gradients are a central bottleneck in the scalability of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), and are known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Alistair Letcher , Stefan Woerner , Christa Zoufal

A large ongoing research effort focuses on Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs), representing leading candidates to achieve computational speed-ups on current quantum devices. The scalability of VQAs to a large number of qubits, beyond the…

Quantum neural networks hold promise for tackling computationally challenging tasks that are intractable for classical computers. However, their practical application is hindered by significant optimization challenges, arising from complex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Yoshiaki Kawase