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Many software development tasks, such as implementing features and fixing bugs, begin with developers posing questions about a codebase. However, answering questions about codebases that span millions of lines of code across thousands of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Amirmohammad Nazari , Sadra Sabouri , Wang Bill Zhu , Robin Jia , Souti Chattopadhyay , Mukund Raghothaman

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical propositions into verifiable formal representations, is a foundational task in automated theorem proving, offering a new perspective on the use of mathematics in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ke Weng , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang

Formal theorem-proving benchmarks enable mechanically verifiable evaluation of mathematical reasoning in large language models. However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on Olympiad-style problems and algebraic domains, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wentao Long , Yunfei Zhang , Chenyi Li , Li Zhou , Chumin Sun , Zaiwen Wen

Autoformalization, the automatic translation of mathematical content from natural language into machine-verifiable formal languages, has seen significant progress driven by advances in large language models (LLMs). Nonetheless, a primary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xiaoyang Liu , Kangjie Bao , Jiashuo Zhang , Yunqi Liu , Yu Chen , Yuntian Liu , Yang Jiao , Tao Luo

We present FormalProofBench, a private benchmark designed to evaluate whether AI models can produce formally verified mathematical proofs at the graduate level. Each task pairs a natural-language problem with a Lean~4 formal statement, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Nikil Ravi , Kexing Ying , Vasilii Nesterov , Rayan Krishnan , Elif Uskuplu , Bingyu Xia , Janitha Aswedige , Langston Nashold

Large language models (LLMs) serve as an active and promising field of generative artificial intelligence and have demonstrated abilities to perform complex tasks in multiple domains, including mathematical and scientific reasoning. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ao Cheng , Lei Zhang , Guowei He

Identifying where quantum models may offer practical benefits in near term quantum machine learning (QML) requires moving beyond isolated algorithmic proposals toward systematic and empirical exploration across models, datasets, and…

Autoformalization is the task of automatically translating mathematical content written in natural language to a formal language expression. The growing language interpretation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), including in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lan Zhang , Xin Quan , Andre Freitas

AI-driven autoformalization of mathematics is advancing rapidly. However, the type checker of a proof assistant guarantees only the logical correctness of proofs; it does not verify whether propositions and definitions faithfully capture…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Banri Yanahama , Akiyoshi Sannai

Recent advances in large language models have significantly improved their ability to perform mathematical reasoning, extending from elementary problem solving to increasingly capable performance on research-level problems. However,…

Neural networks are increasingly deployed in scientific, safety critical, and mission critical pipelines, yet verification and analysis are often performed outside the programming environment that defines and runs the model. This creates a…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Robert Joseph George , Jennifer Cruden , Will Adkisson , Xiangru Zhong , Huan Zhang , Anima Anandkumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold the potential to revolutionize autoformalization. The introduction of Lean4, a mathematical programming language, presents an unprecedented opportunity to rigorously assess the autoformalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Aryan Gulati , Devanshu Ladsaria , Shubhra Mishra , Jasdeep Sidhu , Brando Miranda

Assessing the veracity of online content has become increasingly critical. Large language models (LLMs) have recently enabled substantial progress in automated veracity assessment, including automated fact-checking and claim verification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yupeng Cao , Chengyang He , Yangyang Yu , Ping Wang , K. P. Subbalakshmi

We introduce ProofNet, a benchmark for autoformalization and formal proving of undergraduate-level mathematics. The ProofNet benchmarks consists of 371 examples, each consisting of a formal theorem statement in Lean 3, a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Zhangir Azerbayev , Bartosz Piotrowski , Hailey Schoelkopf , Edward W. Ayers , Dragomir Radev , Jeremy Avigad

Finite element (FE) analysis guides the design and verification of nearly all manufactured objects. It is at the core of computational engineering, enabling simulation of complex physical systems, from fluids and solids to multiphysics…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rushikesh Deotale , Adithya Srinivasan , Yuan Tian , Tianyi Zhang , Pavlos Vlachos , Hector Gomez

As automated reasoning systems advance rapidly, there is a growing need for research-level formal mathematical problems to accurately evaluate their capabilities. To address this, we present Formal Conjectures, an evolving benchmark of…

MerLean-Prover is an end-to-end Lean4 theorem prover that replaces sorry declarations with kernel-checkable proofs. It is built from three agent types (Planning, Check, and Lean) composed by a recursive outer loop whose unit of revision is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jinzheng Li , Zeru Zhu , Yuanjie Ren

Autoformalization, the task of automatically translating natural language descriptions into a formal language, poses a significant challenge across various domains, especially in mathematics. Recent advancements in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zenan Li , Yifan Wu , Zhaoyu Li , Xinming Wei , Xian Zhang , Fan Yang , Xiaoxing Ma

Fully automated self-driving laboratories are promising to enable high-throughput and large-scale scientific discovery by reducing repetitive labour. However, effective automation requires deep integration of laboratory knowledge, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Shuxiang Cao , Zijian Zhang , Mohammed Alghadeer , Simone D Fasciati , Michele Piscitelli , Mustafa Bakr , Peter Leek , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

We present Ax-Prover, a multi-agent system for automated theorem proving in Lean that can solve problems across diverse scientific domains and operate either autonomously or collaboratively with human experts. To achieve this, Ax-Prover…